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ICL Block Year 3 > Week 2 - Asthma, Pneumonia, TB > Flashcards

Week 2 - Asthma, Pneumonia, TB Flashcards

1
Q

Is streptococcus pneumoniae a
A) bacterium ?
B) virus ?
C) fungus ?

A

Bacterium

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2
Q

Is influenza A a
A) bacterium ?
B) virus ?
C) fungus ?

A

Virus

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3
Q

Is haemophilus influenzae a
A) bacterium ?
B) virus ?
C) fungus ?

A

Bacterium

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4
Q

Is aspergillus fumigatus a
A) bacterium ?
B) virus ?
C) fungus ?

A

Fungus

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5
Q

Is moraxella catarrhalis a
A) bacterium ?
B) virus ?
C) fungus ?

A

Bacterium

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6
Q

Is pneumocystis jiroveci a
A) bacterium ?
B) virus ?
C) fungus ?

A

Fungus

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7
Q

What colour do gram-positive organisms stain?

A

Purple or blue

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8
Q

What colour do gram-negative organisms stain?

A

Pink or red

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9
Q

What word is used to describe round bacteria ?

A

Cocci

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10
Q

What word is used to describe rod-shaped bacteria?

A

Bacilli

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11
Q

What gram-staining class is E.coli?

A

gram negative bacilli

Pink/red rods

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12
Q

What gram-staining class is staph aureus?

A

gram positive cocci

blue/purple circles

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13
Q

What gram-staining class is strep pneumonia?

A

gram positive cocci

blue/purple circles

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14
Q

What gram-staining class is C.diff?

A

gram positive bacilli

blue/purple rods

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15
Q

What gram-staining class is pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

gram negative bacilli

red/pink rods

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16
Q

What tests would you perform if you suspect asthma?

A
  • spirometry
  • peak flow
  • FeNo
  • peak flow diary
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17
Q

Name 2 SABA drugs …

A
  • salbutamol
  • terbutaline
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18
Q

Name a LABA …

A

Salmeterol

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19
Q

Name 4 examples of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)…

A
  • beclometasone
  • fluticasone
  • budesonide
  • ciclesonide
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20
Q

Give examples of types/names of LABA/ICS inhalers…

A
  • symbicort
  • seretide
  • fostair
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21
Q

List some trade name medications that contain salbutamol…

A
  • salbutamol
  • salamol
  • ventolin
  • asamal
  • airomir
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22
Q

List some trade name medications that contain beclometasone…

A
  • asmabec
  • QVAR
  • clenil modulate
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23
Q

What types of inhaler devices are there?

A
  • metered dose inhalers (MDIs)
  • dry powdered inhalers (DPIs)
  • breath actuated inhalers (BAIs)
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24
Q

How do you instruct a patient to breath while using a metered dose inhaler ?

A

Inhale slow and steady

25
Q

How do you instruct a patient to breath while using a dry powdered inhaler ?

A

Inhale quickly and deep

26
Q

How could a patient wash an inhaler spacer at home?

A
  • once a week
  • hot soapy water
  • leave to air dry (not towel dry)
27
Q

Why should you leave a spacer to air dry after washing it?

A

Using a towel can create static in the device that affects the deposition of the medication

28
Q

Which type of inhaler has lowest global warming potential?

A

Dry powdered inhalers

because they don’t contain propellant

29
Q

Give some examples of obstructive lung diseases…

A
  • COPD
  • Asthma
  • CF
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic bronchitis
30
Q

Give some examples of restrictive lung diseases…

A
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • asbestosis
  • sarcoidosis
31
Q

In obstructive lung diseases, what changes occur to the FEV1 in spirometry testing?

A

Normal or decreased
depending on severity of obstruction

32
Q

In obstructive lung diseases, what changes occur to the FVC in spirometry testing?

A

Normal or decreased
depending on the severity of obstruction

33
Q

In obstructive lung diseases, what changes occur to the FEV1/FVC ration in spirometry testing?

A

Decreased (below the normal 70%)

34
Q

In restrictive lung diseases, what changes occur to the FEV1 in spirometry testing?

A

Normal or decreased

35
Q

In restrictive lung diseases, what changes occur to the FVC in spirometry testing?

A

Decreased

36
Q

In restrictive lung diseases, what changes occur to the FEV1/FVC ratio in spirometry testing?

A

Normal or increased (above the normal 70%)

37
Q

What does pleural rub sound similar to on auscultation ?

A

Walking in the snow

38
Q

What 2 pathologies could be causing a rub on auscultation?

A

Pleural rub
Pericardial rub

39
Q

How to you differentiate between pleural and pericardial rub on auscultation?

A

brief inspiratory hold manoeuvre

= get patient to hold breath and if rub continues during that hold, it is likely pericardial

40
Q

What medical conditions cause a wheeze on auscultation?

A
  • asthma
  • COPD
  • obstructive pulmonary disease
  • heart failure
  • eosinophilic lung disease
  • foreign body aspiration
41
Q

If physical activity is known to exacerbate asthma, what are patients advised to do?

A

Take a dose of their SABA before the activity, and have the inhaler on them in case of an attack

42
Q

What is the Peak Expiratory Flow Rate?

A

Peak flow

Maximal volume of air expired in a short maximal effort, after a full inspiration

43
Q

What do ABGs monitor?

A

A patients..
- PaO2 (oxygenation)
- pH of blood (acid/base balance)
- PaCO2 (ventilation)
- HCO3 (metabolism)
- Base excess

*Also K, Na, Lactate, Ca, Cl, Hb, Hct, glucose

44
Q

What is the approximate normal range for PaO2 in an ABG?

A

10-13 kPa

45
Q

What is the approximate normal range for pH in an ABG?

A

7.35 - 7.45

46
Q

What is the approximate normal range for PaCO2 in an ABG?

A

4.5 - 6.0 kPa

47
Q

What is the approximate normal range for HCO3 in an ABG?

A

22 - 26 mEq/L

48
Q

What is the approximate normal range for Base Excess in an ABG?

A

+/- 2

49
Q

What PaO2 is considered as hypoxia ?

A

<8 kPa

50
Q

What is the A-a gradient ?

A

The difference between the PaO2 that the patient breathes in and the PaO2 found on an ABG

PaO2 breath - PaO2 ABG = A-a gradient

51
Q

What A-a gradient would indicate a significant problem with the patient?

A

An A-a significatnyl bigger than 10 e.g 25

52
Q

What PaCO2 is considered respiratory alkalosis ?

A

<4.5 due to a high resp rate

53
Q

What PaCO2 is considered respiratory acidosis ?

A

>6.0 due to resp failure

54
Q

What HCO3 is considered metabolic alkalosis ?

A

>26

55
Q

What HCO3 is considered metabolic acidosis ?

A

<22

56
Q

What causes a mixed resp/metabolic ACIDosis?

A

Increased PaCO2
Decreased pH
Decreased HCO3

57
Q

What causes a mixed resp/metabolic ACIDosis?

A

very rare!

Decreased PaCO2
Increased pH
Increased HCO3

58
Q

Compare speed of respiratory Vs metabolic compensation for acidosis/alkalosis…

A

Respiratory compensation = quick

Metabolic compensation = days to weeks

59
Q

When would you see metabolic compensation?

A

In a chronic resp condition

ICL Block Year 3 (4 decks)

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