Week 2: Cardiovascular Assessment Flashcards
(41 cards)
Define Angina
chest pain from deprivation of oxygen to the heart muscle due to narrowing, usually happens with exertion
Define Heart Disease
an umbrella term for the different conditions that affect the health of the heart ie. blood vessel problems, defects/congenital defects, valve problems, rhythm problems, angina
Medical Term for Heart Attack
Myocardial Infarction
Define Palpitations
these are electrical problems
Define Hypertension
this is high blood pressure, long term force of blood against the walls of the arteries makes the heart work harder which can lead to hardening and narrowing of vessels, stroke, heat attack
List modifiable risk factors for heart disease
Elevated se cholesterol High Blood Pressure (↑BP) High blood sugar levels or known Diabetes Mellitus (DM; IDDM; NIDDM) Obesity Cigarette smoking Sedentary lifestyle
List non-modifiable risk factors for heart disease
Family history
Increased age
Ethnicity
For ♀: menopause as risk for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) increases thereafter
Define Atrial fibrillation
also electrical, chaotic beating of the atria, uncoordinated with ventricles, places clients at risk for stroke, often accompanied by shortness of breath
Define Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
stroke (from a clot or from bleeding)
Define Heart failure/congestive heart failure (CHF)
this is a pumping problem, the muscle becomes weak/stiff over time from high BP, CAD, narrow vessels, leaving its pumping action inadequate to move fluid through and around the body which causes fluid to back up, usually into the chest or lower legs. The failure starts on the left mostly, and then advanced left sided heart failure causes also right sided heart failure
Define Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
coronary arteries or the ones right on the actual heart, atherosclerosis narrows or blocks them
Define atherosclerosis
a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of fatty material on their inner walls (plaques)
What does DASH stand for (in reference to DASH diet)
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
What are the 6 recommendations to reduce or prevent hypertension
Physical activity, weight loss, moderation in alcohol intake, eating healthier, relaxation therapies, and smoking cessation
Describe the first and second heart sounds
S1 “lub” results from the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves and S2 “dub” results from the closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves
S1 signals the beginning of ventricle systole
S2 signals the end of systole and beginning of diastole
What happens during systole?
The ventricles contract and eject blood to the lungs and body
Define Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
this is respiratory distress that wakes the patient up in the night. It is usually postural, meaning the reclined position is usually when it occurs. This is related to heart failure and the congestion associated with a poorly pumping heart
Define Nocturia
getting up to pee at night
Where do you start when it comes to cardiovascular assessment?
With vital signs!
What is the difference between stable and unstable angina?
Unstable angina occurs at rest (stable relieves at rest)
Define dyspnea
difficult or laboured breathing
Define edema
a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body (swelling)
Define bruit
An audible swooshing sound heard by auscultation over an artery that result from turbulent blood flow related to atherosclerosis
What are the six P’s used to access arterial obstruction?
pain, pallor, poikilothermia/polar sensation, paresthesia, pulselessness, and paralysis
