WEEK 2: Chapter 3

Question 1

Axon to dendrite

Answer 1

Axodendritic

Question 2

Axon to cell body

Answer 2

Axosomatic

Question 3

Axoaconic

Answer 3

Axon to axon

Question 4

Axon to muscle

Answer 4

Neuromuscular junction

Question 5

Electric current flows along specialized proteins

Answer 5

Electrical

Question 6

Both chemical and electrical transmission

Answer 6

Mixed

Question 7

Neurotransmitters are manufactured in ______________

Answer 7

Presynaptic cells

Question 8

Receptors for the chemical are located on the ___________ and _____________.

Answer 8

Postsynaptic cell, mediate the response of that cell

Question 9

Neurotransmitters encompass several different kinds of Chemical Substances

Answer 9

1) Amino acids and monoamines
2) Acetylcholine (ACh)
3) ATP and adenosine
4) Neuropeptides, lipids, and gases

Question 10

Synthesized by a different mechanism than other transmitters. Synthesized from precursor proteins that are synthesized in the cell body and shipped to the axon terminals.

Answer 10

Neuropeptides

Question 11

Alter the action of standard neurotransmitters. Chemicals that do not act like typical neurotransmitters.

Answer 11

Neuromodulators

Question 12

Ca2+ mediates release of transmitter from vesicles

Answer 12

Exocytosis

Question 13

Transmitters are released only at ___________.

Answer 13

Active Zones

Question 14

Vesicles are recycled by ____________.

Answer 14

Endocytosis

Question 15

Three models of Vesicle recycling

Answer 15

1) Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
2) Ultrafast endocytosis
3) Kiss-and-run

Question 16

Recycles large amounts of vesicle membrane during high rates of neuronal activity

Answer 16

Bulk Endocytosis

Question 17

________ and _________________ Transmitters that are not released from synaptic vesicles

Answer 17

Lipid and Gaseous

Question 18

Regulate the firing patterns of dopamine neurons and control the timing and amount of dopamine released from their terminals in target regions.

Answer 18

Autoreceptor

Question 19

Inhibit further transmitter release

Answer 19

Terminal autoreceptors

Question 20

Receive transmitters at axoaxonic synapses; either enhance or reduce transmitter release.

Answer 20

Heteroreceptors

Question 21

Some neurotransmitters are synthesized by gut bacteria; drugs may alter the _________ and influence health

Answer 21

Human microbiome

Question 22

Refers to signaling back and forth between the gut. (Including the gut microbiome) and the brain

Answer 22

Gut-brain axis

Question 23

Proteins on plasma membranes of a neuron, muscle cell, or secretory cell

Answer 23

Receptors

Question 24

____________ consist of multiple __________ that together form an Ion Channel

Answer 24

Ionotropic Receptors and Subunits

Question 25

Decreased responsiveness that occurs with repeated or chronic exposure to agonist.

Answer 25

Desensitization

Question 26

Metabotropic receptors consist of a single subunit that works by _____________

Answer 26

Activating G Proteins

Question 27

Involved in synthesis or breakdown of second messengers.

Answer 27

Effector enzymes

Question 28

Activate protein kinases that phosphorylate another protein molecule

Answer 28

Second messengers

Question 29

_________: Breaks down a phospholipid in the cell membrane to form two second messengers: ____________ and _______________

Answer 29

Phosphoinositide second-messenger system, diacylglycerol (DAG) and Inositol Trisphosphate (IP3)

Question 30

Increased Ca2+ activates __________ and _________

Answer 30

Protein kinase C (PKC) and Calcium/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)

Question 31

Mediate the action of neurotrophic factors

Answer 31

Tyrosine Kinase Receptors

Question 32

Stimulates survival and growth of neurons during early development and are involved in neuronal signaling

Answer 32

Neurotrophic factors

Question 33

List of alteration that is caused by drugs

Answer 33

1) Increase or decrease transmitter synthesis 2) Block transmitter breakdown or inhibit reuptake 3) Autoreceptor agonists reduce transmitter release, autoreceptor antagognists enhance release 4) Mimic or inhibit transmitter's effect on receptors.

Question 34

Metabotropic receptors have additional binding sites ____________

Answer 34

Allosteric sites

Question 35

Bind to ___________ sites and modify (positively or negatively) the effects of a ligand (endogenous or a drug)

Answer 35

Allosteric modulators

Question 36

Functional changes in strength of existing synapses.Neurons can rapidly change the size and shape of dendritic spines, grow new spines, and/or lose existing ones.

Answer 36

Synaptic Plasticity

Question 37

Secreted by endocrine glands; circulate in the bloodstream

Answer 37

Hormones

Question 38

What does adrenal medulla secretes

Answer 38

1) Epinephrine (EPI) and Norepinephrine (NE)

Question 39

What does Adrenal cortex secretes?

Answer 39

Glucocorticoids (steroid hormones)

Question 40

What does Gonads do?

Answer 40

Ovaries secrete estrogens and progesterone Testes secrete androgens (testosterone)

Question 41

Secrete insulin and glucagon (peptide hormones) - regulation of glucose

Answer 41

Islets of Langerhans

Question 42

Secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) - regulate energy metabolism

Answer 42

Thyroid Gland

Question 43

Secretes melatonin - control of sleep and other rhythms

Answer 43

Pineal gland

Question 44

Secretes hormones that control other glands

Answer 44

Pituitary gland

Question 45

Secretes stimulation hormones: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, and PRL.

Answer 45

Anterior pituitary

Question 46

Secretes releasing hormones to trigger secretion of stimulating hormones by the anterior pituirary

Answer 46

Hypothalamus

Question 47

Released by neurons in the median eminence

Answer 47

Hypothalamic releasing hormones

Question 48

Stimulates TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH.

Answer 48

1) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) 2) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) 3) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 49

Synthesized in the hypothalamus by neurons whose axons reach the Posterior pituitary gland

Answer 49

Vasopressing (VP) and Oxytocin (OT)

Question 50

Can influence a variety of social behaviors, including empathy, altruism, trust, and social memory.

Answer 50

Oxytocin research

Question 51

Steroid and thyroid hormones operate mostly through intracellular receptors in the cell nucleus

Answer 51

Transcriotion factors

Question 52

Important to Pharmacologists

Answer 52

Endocrine System