Week 2 - Class 1 (SD & Health Determinants) Flashcards
(33 cards)
What are the social determinants of health?
“the economic and social conditions that shape the health of individuals, communities, and jurisdictions as a whole… and determine the extent to which a person possesses the physical, social, and personal resources to identify and achieve personal aspirations, satisfy needs, and cope with the environment”
- strengths-based
Where did the SD of Health come from? What did it culminate in?
- mid-1990s Canadian society and health policies resulted in an increase in social and economic inequalities and health disparities
Culminated in the Toronto Charter on SD of Health
- identified 12 SD
- interrelated and influence each other
What are key determinants of health? Why are they important to know?
- Income and social status
- Social support networks
- Education and literacy
- Employment/Working conditions
- Social environments
- Physical environments
- Personal health practices and coping skills
- Healthy child development
- Biology and development
- Health services
- Gender
- Culture
To know the patient and what is relevant to them to provide the best care for that individual
What is the greatest determinant of health? What does it influence? What is it associated with?
How does this inequality arise?
Income & Social Status
- Poverty is the largest influence over health and influences most of the other determinants
- Associated with chronic health problems
Arises through things like policy
- Ex. Tax and economic policies, gender, race, education, etc.
What is absolute poverty vs. relative poverty? Describe each.
Absolute: is a condition where household income is below a necessary level to maintain basic living standards (food, shelter, housing).
Relative: A condition where household income is a certain percentage below median incomes.
- Absolute has a profound effect on health status and tends to stay the same.
- Relative takes a toll on children and tends to track up/down with fluctuations in conditions of the economy
Is there a relationship between household income and emotional/behavioural problems in children? Why or why not?
Yes
- However, we do not understand why.
Why does income effect health? Provide examples.
Limits choices and works against desirable changes in behaviour
- Ex. Shelter, food, warmth, social life, psychological stress
Why is teaching someone about “best diet choices” who suffers from a lack of income meaningless?
Because if that person has no basic necessities (i.e. heat, housing, etc.), “best diet choices” are not a priority for them
What is social support networks linked to?
Positive health outcomes
What does social exclusion deny and what does it result in?
Who is mainly effected? Why?
Denies individuals opportunity to participate in normal activities of society and results in poorer health outcomes and increases vulnerability to disease
Indigenous & people of colour - 2x likely to live in poverty, and 2x likely to be unemployed
- It marginalizes and isolates people, physically and psychologically
How does education and literacy affect health?
It influences health directly and indirectly
Opportunity vs. Privilege
- A chance vs. a given
How does employment and working conditions have an affect health?
How does being employed benefit ones health vs being unemployed? Who does unemployment affect more?
Affects physical, mental, and social health
Employment: Financial resources, sense of identify and purpose, social contacts, opportunities for personal growth
Unemployment: Material and social deprivation, health threatening coping behaviours, psychological stress, physical and mental health problems - chronic stress
- Men because they work harder jobs, outdoors, contaminants, exposure
What percentage of women is the career work force?
90%
What is another form burdens can come in? Give an example.
Behaviours
- Substance abuse/misuse
How does the physical environment affect ones health?
Individuals need affordable, suitable, and adequate housing… Cheaper rent is often in less-desirable areas and sometimes amongst poorly situated resources (i.e. bus routes, industrial plants, grocery stores)
- Ex. Usually in town there is a “bad part of town” and it is usually the East
How does biological and genetic factors affect health? Why?
Hereditary is strongly influenced by the social and physical environment
- People do not have control of what is passed down to them
What is a strong determinant of health?
Age
How do individual health practices and coping skills affect health? Provide examples.
It helps people face challenges without resorting to risk behaviours
- Risk Behaviours: Physical inactivity, poor nutrition, substance abuse, etc.
How does food insecurity impact health? What are the stats of food insecurity? What is food insecurity associated with? What should you consider when educating PT’s about diet?
Limited or uncertain availability of nutritious food
- Unable to afford
- Lack of transportation
1/10 report food insecurity (2005)
Associated with multiple chronic conditions (i.e. distress, depression, etc.)
Need to be considerate of what the PT has access to and what is manageable for the PT.
What determinants influence child development?
What are the prime years of influence of a childs lifelong health?
What are 3 necessary conditions?
All determinants
Conception to 6y
1) Equitable income
2) Effective parents and families
3) Supportive community environments
Describe health services in Canada:
- Statistics
- Types of care
25% of the populations health status is attributed to health care services
- Primary Care
- Hopsital Care
- Long term care
- Public Health services
- Community/home care
How is gender a SD of health?
How does this affect individuals?
Gender-based social roles
- Girls are taught to be nice, want/bear children - stressed when they cannot conceive or do not want children
- Boys are taught to be tough, not express emotions
- Sex-specific health concerns
When individuals cannot fulfill gender roles they suffer health consequences
How do culture & ethnic factors affect health?
What influences cultural & ethnic factors?
Dominant culture governs health care - this may exert itself strongly and any difference is denied/not welcomed
- Biomedical model might not be what all PT’s wants (i.e. naturopathy)
- Language barriers
- Interaction with health care system
- Participation in prevention/health promotion programs
- Access to health info
- Understanding health and illness
How do social environments influence health? What provides a supportive society that reduces or avoids many potential risks to good health?
Values and norms of the society influence health and well-being of a population
- Social stability, recognition of diversity, safety, good working relationships, cohesive communities
