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Biology > Week 2: Classification > Flashcards

Week 2: Classification Flashcards

1
Q

Classification

A

Process of sorting variety of different things into manageable groups

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2
Q

The study of biological classification is called

A

taxonomy or systematics

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3
Q

Why is a universally accepted system of classification important?

A

so scientists can identify species based on shared characteristics

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4
Q

Artificial Classification

A

sorts organisms into groups based on similar identifiable characteristics

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5
Q

Artificial classification is limited. why?

A

Because characteristics are picked on the basis of similarity in function and the current characteristics organisms have.

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6
Q

why are keys used in biology?

A

to categorise and identify organisms

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7
Q

Dichotomous key

A

Series of statements with two choices describing a characteristic of an unidentified organism

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8
Q

What does a natural classification system consider?

A

the degree of evolutionary relationships

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9
Q

Natural classification organises species into groups of organisms that share characteristics from a common ancestor. What are these characteristics called?

A

Homologous characteristics

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10
Q

Homologous characteristics have what?

A

underlying similarity of structure and position regardless of the function

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11
Q

why are forelimbs of mammals homologous?

A

all modifications of the same structure

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12
Q

Hierarchal Categories that organisms are grouped into are

A

Domain, Kindgdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and species
DUMB KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GREAT SUSHI

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13
Q

Hierarchical categories; these groups are known as

A

taxa or taxonimic levels

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14
Q

what is the sorting of hierarchical classification based on?

A

shared characteristics + molecular similarities

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15
Q

Highest taxonomic rank are the

A

Domains

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16
Q

3 domains of living things are

A

Archaea (Prokaryotes)
Bacteria (prokaryotes)
Eukarya (Eukaryotes)

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17
Q

Prokaryotes in terms of domains of what kingdom?

A

Monera

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18
Q

Eukarya domain is subdivided into many kingdoms including

A

Animalia (animals)
Plantae (plants)
Protista (protists)
Fungi

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19
Q

How are organisms of different kingdoms distinguished?

A

using different characteristics

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20
Q

plants are what type of autotrophs?

A

photosynthetic autotrophs

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21
Q

Plants have organelles called chloroplast and a cell wall that consists of what?

A

cellulose

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22
Q

how many estimated species of plants are there?

A

300000 including grasses, trees, bushes, mosses, ferns and vines

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23
Q

how many animal species have been discovered thus far

A

over 1 million

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24
Q

Fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

eukaryotic heterotrophs

25
Q

Cell walls of fungi don’t have cellulose but have

A

chitin

26
Q

Do fungi carry out photosynthesis?

A

no

27
Q

how many fungal species are there estimated to be?

A

over 5 million

28
Q

Protists eukaryotes or prokaryote?

A

eukaryote unicellular. Can be both heterotrophic and autotrophic

29
Q

Protists consist of eukaryotes that aren’t plants, animal or fungi and are sometimes referred to as the

A

leftovers

30
Q

all members of phylum (phyla for plural) have a common _______ and similar ______________

A

ancestor, anatomical features

31
Q

Each phylum have how many classes?

A

one or more

32
Q

subdivision of phylums into classes are based on what?

A

similar characteristics

33
Q

class of organisms can be further subcategorised into_____ and they have more _______ characteristics than members of a class

A

orders, specific

34
Q

Members of one family have very _______ anatomical features and _______________

A

similar, behavioural characteristics

35
Q

members of one genus have shared characteristics that are

A

highly specific

36
Q

most specific ranking in the taxonomic hierarchy

A

species

37
Q

Characteristics used when classifying organisms into their grouping: are

A

Physical features, reproductive strategies, molecular sequencing

38
Q

physical features are an expression of the

A

genotype and the environment

39
Q

mammals seperated into 3 groups by reproductive strategies:

A

Placentals, Marsupials, Monotremes

40
Q

Placentals:

A

humans, cats give birth to live young where a placenta is involved to nourish the foetus

41
Q

Marsupials

A

kangaroo, wallaby young develops in pouch

42
Q

Monotremes

A

platypus, echidna lay eggs

43
Q

Dna is a molecule that consists of

A

nucleotide subunits

44
Q

order of nucleobases in a molecule of dna is called its

A

nucleic acid sequence.

45
Q

What does the nucleic acid sequence do?

A

codes for the production of an organisms protein molecules

46
Q

Most accurate way of determining how closely related two species are is to:

A

compare the molecular sequences of DNA and protein molecules between the two

47
Q

Degree of similarity of the cytochrome C protein necessary for aerobic respiration pathways between species indicate the

A

closeness of evolutionary relationships

48
Q

The sequence of Cytochrome C for humans and chimpanzees match at all

A

104 amino acid positions

49
Q

Random mutations cause changes in what?

A

nucleic acid sequence

50
Q

Mutation of DNA causes what? And the number of random mutations increase with _______

A

a corresponding change in the amino acid sequence of the protein, time

51
Q

Internationally accepted system to name organisms is the

A

binomial system of nomenclature

52
Q

The first part of the nomenclature is the

A

name of the genus

53
Q

The second part of the nomenclature specifies the

A

species

54
Q

2 rules for nomenclature binomial system writing of a scientific name:

A

The first letter of genus name - Capital letter

Names both written in italics

55
Q

Why is the nomenclature beneficial?

A

Universal language so universal collaboration
No confusion between identities of two organisms
for the easy identification of any new organism
the names provide info about the organism
and the systems ability to be updated with the discovery of new species

56
Q

reproductively isolated

A

a species inability to produce fertile offspring with another species

57
Q

2 isolating reproductive mechanisms are

A

Pre zygotic Mechanisms (prevention of mating from occurring)

Post zygotic Mechanisms (prevent offspring from being viable)

58
Q

Pre zygotic mechanisms include

A

geographical separation
different mating calls + rituals
use of pheromones to attract the opposite sex
The difference in flower shape or genitalia
different seasons or times for reproduction
the inability of sperm to survive in the reproductive system
incompatibility of gametes
pollen tubes unable to grow towards ovules in a flower

59
Q

Post zygotic mechanisms include

A

Zygote failing to develop
young failing to reach sexual maturity by dying
infertile offspring

Biology (8 decks)

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