Week 2: Cognitive and Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Cognitive Development

Answer 1

How we think, perceive and learn.

Question 2

Person who developed or invented “Cognitive Development” is…

Answer 2

Jean Piaget

Question 3

Schemers

Answer 3

Organised patterns of thought and actions that guide our interactions with the world. #Think of it as a box that has someone’s or some thing’s identifying factors within it.

Question 4

Assimilation

Answer 4

Process where a new experience is incorporated into an existing schemer. #When a child sees a cow for the first time in it’s life, it thinks the cow is in-fact a horse, as it already has an existing schemer for a horse and a cow resembles it.

Question 5

Accomodation

Answer 5

How a new experience causes an existing schemer to change. #When the child creates a new schemer for the cow.

Question 6

Piaget’s four stages of Cognitive Development are…

Answer 6

1. The Sensory Motor Stage.
2. The Pre-Operational Stage.
3. The Concrete Operational Stage.
4. The Formal Operational Stage.

Question 7

Sensory Memory Stage

Answer 7

From 0-2 years old (age). At this stage we understand the world through our sensory experiences and with physical interactions with objects.

Question 8

Pre-Operational Stage

Answer 8

This stage incorporates egocentrism, which means that it is almost impossible for a child at this age to imagine.

• Characterised by ‘Centration’.
• Children start to use pretend play.

Question 9

Centration

Answer 9

Tendency of children during the ‘Pre-Operational’ stage to focus on one, generally the most striking feature of whatever they are looking at. #If a man has a particularly large nose, a child will verbally point this out without thought of its appropriateness.

Question 10

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 10

When we have the capacity to perform what are called ‘basic mental operations’ about tangible, touchable or concrete objects in situations. #We can do it in our minds now - no need to add or subtract in our fingers anymore.

Question 11

Formal Operations

Answer 11

We are able to reason about abstract situations, not just concrete ones. We can form hypothesis.

Question 12

Name Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of Psychosocial Development

Answer 12

1. Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust (0-2 yrs)
2. Toddler: Autonomy vs Self Doubt (2-3 yrs)
3. Childhood: Initiative vs Guilt (3-5 yrs)
4. Mid-Childhood: Industry vs Inferior (6-12 yrs)
5. Adolescence: Identity vs Role (12-20 yrs)
6. Early Adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation (20-40)
7. Mid-Adulthood: Generativity vs Stagnation (40-60)
8. Senior: Integrity vs Despair

Question 13

Name the first stage of psychosocial development and describe it

Answer 13

1. Infancy: Trust vs Mistrust (0-2 yrs)

Crisis faced: A sense of basic trust vs mistrust.

• Adequate attention and sufficient care if the infant develops trust.
• A child will lead to move and crawl.

Question 14

Name stage 2 of psychosocial development and describe it

Answer 14

2. Toddler: Autonomy vs Self Doubt (2-3)

- Can now initiate contact without waiting for someone to come to them. Increased mobility to explore surroundings.

Question 15

Name stage 3 of psychosocial development and describe it

Answer 15

3. Childhood: Initiative vs Guilt (3-5 yrs)
   - New emotion of guilt, when action doesn’t achieve a desired response.
   - Primary drive is to explore environment in a communicative sense.

Question 16

Name stage 4 of psychosocial development and describe it

Answer 16

4. Mid-Childhood: Industry vs Inferior (6-12).
   - Kids discover their special talents and continue to discover interests as education improves.
   - Industry: Going through with an action competently… Not perfectly but well enough.
   - Inferior: If they fail at competency, they feel inferior.

Question 17

Name stage 5 of psychosocial development and describe it

Answer 17

5. Adolescence: Identity vs Role (12-20 years)
   - Stage where people are experimenting with different aspects of themselves.
   - Dressing differently, dying hair, discovering who they want to be.
   - Dealing with expectations from external forces such as parents and society.

Question 18

Name stage 6 of psychosocial development and describe it

Answer 18

6. Early Adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation (20-40)
   - Aim to feel comfortable with ourselves, establish good friendships and establish a family.
   - Once we establish our identity, we can build long-term bonds with other people.

Question 19

Name stage 7 of psychosocial development and describe it

Answer 19

7. Mid-Adulthood: Generativity vs Stagnation (40-60)
   - The need to contribute to society and do things to benefit future generations.
   - Those who fail to obtain this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved with the world.

Question 20

Name stage 8 of psychosocial development and describe it

Answer 20

8. Senior: Integrity vs Despair
   - Reflection in the life lived and enjoying life in retirement. Slow down in productivity.
   - If we see our lives as unproductive, or didn’t accomplish life goals, we become dissatisfied, leading to depression and hopelessness.
   - Success at this stage will lead to wisdom.

Question 21

Define Memory

Answer 21

A process of maintaining information over time.