week 2 content Flashcards by Garrett Anderson

______ – reflects the concentration of hydrogen ions that are present in that solution (it’s an inverse relationship)

low pH (acidosis) = high hydrogen
high pH (alkolosis) = low hydrogen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____ pH = ___ hydrogen = alkaline (basic)

neutral = equal parts hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)

____ pH = _____ hydrogen = acidic (acidic)

high pH = low hydrogen = alkaline (basic)

neutral = equal parts hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)

low pH = high hydrogen = acidic (acidic)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

high pH = 7.46 or more is called _____

low pH = 7.34 or less is called ______

alkaline/basic

acidic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

acidic = high or low pH?

alkaline/basic = high or low pH?

low

high

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

neutral normal range for pH in blood

7.35-7.45

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F
acid-base balance can affect:
1. electrolytes = Na, K, Cl
2. hormones
3. oxygen transport and delivery (hgb)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pH < 6.8 and > 7.8 = (incompatible with life)

pH < 6.8 or > 7.8 effects?
- cellular metabolism
- enzyme activity
- O2 delivery to tissues

pH < 6.8 or > 7.8 effects?
- Essential bodily function in CV and nervous systems

pH < 6.8 (incompatible with life) effects =
- cellular metabolism
- enzyme activity
- O2 delivery to tissues

pH > 7.8 (incompatible with life) effects =
- Essential bodily function in CV and nervous systems

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Acid-base balance and oxygen transport and delivery (hgb)
high or low pH = hgb will give up O2 more readily at the tissue
high or low pH = hgb will hold onto O2 and will not give it the tissue so tissue struggles with oxygenation

high acidic/low pH/high hydrogen = hgb will give up O2 more readily at the tissue (bc it is high hydrogen)
high alkolotic/high pH/low hydrogen = hgb will hold onto O2 and will not give it the tissue so tissue struggles with oxygenation (bc it is low hydrogen)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

acids or bases have more hydrogen ions = they can donate hydrogen

acids or bases have less hydrogen ions = they can accept hydrogen ions AND give up hydroxide ion

acidic substances/acids have more hydrogen ions = they can donate hydrogen

bases/alkaline substance have less hydrogen ions = they can accept hydrogen ions AND give up hydroxide ion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stomach acid (hydrochloric acid) and lemon juice = VERY _______ = low pH and high hydrogen

Blood, milk, saliva = neutral

Lye, bleach, ammonia, milk of magnesia = VERY _________ = high pH and low hydrogen

Stomach acid (hydrochloric acid) and lemon juice = VERY acidic = low pH and high hydrogen

Blood, milk, saliva = neutral

Lye, bleach, ammonia, milk of magnesia = VERY alkaline = high pH and low hydrogen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Functions of _________:
- helps maintain cell membrane
- Helps with enzyme activity
- Part of H2O
- Keeps body hydrated
- Helps with energy production

Hydrogen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 types of acids in the body

volatile and non volatile

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Volatile acids vs nonvolatile acids?
- can be converted to gas
- Execrated/eliminated by lungs
- ex: carbonic acid (H2CO3)
- This gets broken down to H2O and CO2 in the lungs allowing the lungs to expel CO2

Volatile acids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Volatile acids vs nonvolatile acids?
- excreted by kidneys
- Ex:
- Phosphoric acid
- Sulfuric acid
- Acetoacetic acid
- Beta-hydroxybutyric
- Lactic acid***

***(not excreted by kidneys, by-product of anerobic metabolism, it can be reconverted if O2 is reestablished to tissues and can be used for energy production)

Nonvolatile acids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is alkalosis or acidosis more difficult to correct

avoid alkalosis (high pH/low hydrogen) – especially if person is ill , bc hgb hold onto O2 more, wont oxygenate tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

General cause of imbalance is either metabolic or respiratory
- if HCO3/bicarb levels change = 2ndary to _________
- if H2CO3/carbonic acid level changes = 2ndary to _____________

metabolic/kidneys

respiratory/lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary disorder vs Primary event

____________ – the problem that initiates the acid-base imbalance

______________ – what results from the primary event

Primary event

Primary disorder

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary disorder vs Primary event

hypoventilation = respiratory acidosis

vomiting = metabolic alkalosis

Primary event (hypoventilation) = primary disorder (respiratory acidosis)

Primary event (vomiting) = primary disorder (metabolic alkalosis)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________ acidosis or alkalosis
- increase or decrease in CO2
- changes in ventilation

_________ acidosis or alkalosis
- changes in H ion or bicarb ions

Respiratory

Metabolic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ROME

When pH increases = CO2 __creases = alkalosis or acidosis?
When pH decreases = CO2 __creases = alkalosis or acidosis?

When pH increases = HCO3 __creases = alkalosis or acidosis?
When pH decreases = HCO3 __creases = alkalosis or acidosis?

ROME

R – respiratory
O – opposite

So, we think respiratory = CO2
When pH increases = CO2 decreases = alkalosis
When pH decreases = CO2 increases = acidosis

M – metabolic
E – equal

So we think metabolic = HCO3
When pH increases = HCO3 increases = alkalosis
When pH decreases = HCO3 decreases = acidosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When pH decreases and HCO3 decreases =

HCO3/bicarb deficit in ECF
Due to
- excess acid (kidney dysfunction cant excrete)
- loss of bicarbs (kidney dysfunction cant conserve or produce)

Metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

to compensate kidneys can:
- Can eliminate large amounts of ______ (except carbonic acid)
- Can eliminate ______ (body excretes bicarb)
- can conserve and produce ________

Can eliminate large amounts of acid (except carbonic acid)
Can eliminate base when pH is too basic = body excretes bicarb
can conserve and produce bicarb ions – ex: if COPD pts have high CO2 and high bicarb the kidneys can conserve it to try to lower it and maintain pH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Metabolic acidosis

expected ABGs before compensation
high, low, WNL
pH =
paCO2 =
HCO3 =

pH = <7.35 LOW acidic
paCO2 = 35-45 WNL
HCO3 = <24 LOW

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

s/s
- CNS changes
- Lethargy, drowsy
- Confusion
- Tremors, cramps
- Paresthesia – finger/toes tingle
- hypotension
- Hyperkalemia
- deep breathing – kussmaul respirations (w/ DKA)
- fruit breath odor (w/ DKA)

s/s
- CNS over excitability
- confusion
- tremors
- muscle cramps
- paresthesia – fingers and toes tingle
- coma
- n/v/d
- respiratory depression – lungs are holding onto CO2

s/s
- CNS depression
- hypoventilation
- dyspnea
- respiratory depression
- shallow respirations
- h/a
- restlessness
- confusion
- tachycardia, arrythmias
- decreased LOC, stupor, coma
- “can’t catch my breath”

s/s
- CNS overexcitability
- tachypnea
- light headedness
- confusion
- blurred vision
- paresthesia – fingers and toes tingle
- hyperactive reflexes
- seizures
- coma

metabolic acidosis
metabolic alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
respiratory alkalosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causes of ____________ - hyperventilation (blowing off too much CO2) - anxiety/panic attack – anything causing hyperventilation - increased metabolic demands – fever, sepsis - medications - hypoxia - PE or lung disease - CNS lesions - ventilator setting Causes of _____________ - hypoventilation (retains too much CO2) - acute = respiratory arrest (kidneys don’t have time to compensate) - chronic = COPD (kidneys have time to compensate) - cardiopulmonary arrest - head injury - narcotics/sedatives - anesthesia - pulmonary disorders – acute asthma, COPD exacerbation, PNA, respiratory failure - pain - abdominal distension - airway obstruction - chest wall deformities - neuromuscular problems Causes of ____________ - consuming excess base/basic (ex: baking soda, alka-seltzer) = causes hypokalemia which causes H ions to shift out of cell and potassium to go into cell - prolonged vomiting - NG tube - diuretics Common causes of ___________ - kidney failure - fistulas - DMT1 DKA - lactic acidosis - prolonged diarrhea = loss of HCO3 increases acid - starvation = body using fat for energy = ketosis - med OD – ASA - shock - cardiac arrest

respiratory alkalosis respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis

high pH and HCO3 increases due to - too much bicarb (base) - not enough carbonic acid

Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis expected ABGs before compensation high, low, WNL pH = paCO2 = HCO3 =

pH = >7.48 HIGH basic paCO2 = 35-45 HCO3 = >29 HIGH

Low pH and high CO2 due to - too much retention of CO2 in lungs - H2CO3 (carbonic acid) excess in ECF

Respiratory acidosis can be acute or chronic

Respiratory acidosis expected ABGs before compensation high, low, WNL pH = paCO2 = H2CO3 = (with acute)

pH = < 7.35 LOW acidic paCO2 = >45 HIGH acidic H2CO3 = 24-29 WNL (with acute)

Respiratory alkalosis expected ABGs before compensation high, low, WNL pH = paCO2 = H2CO3 =

ABGs pH = >7.45 HIGH basic paCO2 = <35 LOW basic H2CO3 = 24-29 WNL

high pH and low CO2 due to: - too much loss of CO2 from lungs - H2CO3 (carbonic acid) deficit in ECF

Respiratory alkalosis

high pH and low CO2 Low pH and high CO2 high pH and high HCO3 low pH and low HCO3

Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic acidosis

(3) Acid-base balance/homeostasis systems

1. buffers 2. respiratory system 3. renal system

which Acid-base balance/homeostasis system? Chemicals in the body that combine with acid or base to change pH - they accept or release hydrogen ions - occurs almost instantaneously (within secs) - short lived effect contains 3 main systems 1. bicarbonate-carbonic acid 2. phosphate 3. protein and hemoglobin

1. Buffers

bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system location =

ECF

Acid-base balance/homeostasis systems: bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer The chemical equilibrium: ___ + ____ ⇌ _______ ⇌ ____ + ____

The chemical equilibrium: CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO3- carbon dioxide water Carbonic Acid hydrogen ion (pH) Bicarb

Acid-base balance/homeostasis systems: bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer CO2 = byproduct of __________ - CO2 can be blown out = this _____ pH OR - CO2 can be held on to = this _____ pH

cellular metabolism raises lowers Ex: COPD pt or pt with respiratory depression from OD = lungs can’t expel CO2 b/c RR is so low = high CO2

Acid-base balance/homeostasis systems: bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer ______ _______ = breaks down carbonic acid

Carbonic anhydrase

Acid-base balance/homeostasis systems: bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer Carbonic anhydrase = breaks down carbonic acid found in: 1. Carbonic anhydrase in the lungs = H2O + CO2 = lungs exhale CO2 = _______ pH 2. Carbonic anhydrase in the kidneys = H+ + HCO3 = excrete H+ in urine = ______ pH - this is how the body compensates for very acidic levels/ low pH or very alkalotic levels/high pH? - if body isn’t compensating = give ______ to ______ pH

raises raises very acidic levels/ low pH sodium bicarb - raises pH

sodium bicarb - raises or lowers pH? treats acidosis or alkalosis?

raises pH acidosis

Acid-base balance/homeostasis systems: bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer how the lungs compensate for acidosis: 1. When pH is _____ (more acidic and high hydrogen): body needs to get rid of _____ 2. Excess H+ ions combine with bicarbonate ions to form _________. 3. Carbonic acid then dissociates into _____ and ______. 4. The lungs expel the excess CO2, thereby reducing the acidity (___crease pH and __crease hydrogen)

1. When pH decreases (more acidic and high hydrogen): body needs to get rid of hydrogen 2. Excess H+ ions combine with bicarbonate ions to form carbonic acid. 3. Carbonic acid then dissociates into CO2 and H2O. 4. The lungs expel the excess CO2, thereby reducing the acidity (increase pH and lowering hydrogen)

Acid-base balance/homeostasis systems: ____________ buffer - main intracellular buffer - can’t measure b/c its intracellular - works by picking up a hydrogen ion to balance pH inside the cell

Phosphate

Acid-base balance/homeostasis systems: __________ and _________ buffer almost all proteins can function as buffers carboxyl group (COOH) = amino acid and acetic acid - Weak acid that ________ H+ ion amino group (NH2-) = amino acid and ammonia - ______ H+ ion hemoglobin - _________ CO2 at the cellular level

protein and hemoglobin gives up Accepts Picks up/accepts

Cellular compensation: Part of the buffer system - Cells like to have a neutral charge - H+ ions = positive - K+ ions = positive (mostly found inside cell) 1. When the body is acidic, theres a ___crease in H ions 2. H ions move ____ cell 3.there is now too many positively charged ions in the cell 4. K moves ____ cell 5. there is now too much K+ in the _____ 6. the ____ is neutral, but the ______ is hyperkalemic (dysrhythmias) 7. the kidneys (if working) will excrete the excess ____ 8. K+ will ______ cell as pH returns to normal 9. UNLESS the kidneys excreted all the body’s K+, then when pH levels return to normal there is no K+ left to go back into cell, and there is a __________

1. When there is an increase in H ions (pH decreases/acidic increases) 2. H ions move into cell 3.there is now too many positively charged ions in the cell 4. K moves out of the cell 5. there is now too much K+ in the blood 6. the cell is neutral, but the blood is hyperkalemic (dysrhythmias) 7. the kidneys (if working) will excrete the excess K+ 8. K will go back into cell as pH returns to normal 9. UNLESS the kidneys excreted all the body’s K+, then when pH levels return to normal there is no K+ left to go back into cell, and there is a depletion of K+

Acid-base balance/homeostasis systems: Respiratory mechanisms Body makes CO2 CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 carbon water Carbonic dioxide Acid exhalation excretes_________ 1. does this affect fixed/non-volatile acids such as lactic acid? 2. the body can adjust pH by changing _____ and ________ 3. if acidic (low pH/high hydrogen) = ___creased RR and depth = exhale more CO2 4. if alkaline/basic (high pH/low hydrogen) = __crease RR and depth = hold onto more CO2

carbonic acid 1. no 2. rate and depth of breathing 3. increase 4. decrease

Acid-base balance/homeostasis systems: - Last system to kick in to balance pH - Does long term pH balance - Most effective regulator of pH - If _______ fail = pH balance fails (would have to take daily bicarb)

3. kidney excretion

Acid-base balance/homeostasis systems: kidney excretion - Can eliminate large amounts of _______ (except carbonic acid) - Can eliminate base when pH is too basic = body excretes _______ - can conserve and produce ________

acid bicarb bicarb ex: if COPD pts have high CO2 and high bicarb the kidneys can conserve it to try to lower it and maintain pH

Acid-base balance/homeostasis systems: kidney excretion __________ (low pH/high hydrogen) Goal = raise pH kidneys respond by: - ___creasing reabsorption of bicarbonate - ___creasing secretions of hydrogen ions (acid component) into the urine __________ (high pH/low hydrogen) goal = lower pH kidneys respond by: - __creasing bicarb reabsorption - __crease hydrogen ion into urine

Acidosis (low pH/high hydrogen) Goal = raise pH kidneys respond by: - increasing reabsorption of bicarbonate (and make new) - increasing secretions of hydrogen ions (acid component) into the urine alkalosis/basic (high pH/low hydrogen) goal = lower pH kidneys respond by: - decreasing bicarb reabsorption - decrease hydrogen ion into urine

Rates of correction 1st – ________ function almost instantaneously 2nd – _________ function in several minutes to hours 3rd – _________ functions in several hours to days respiratory mechanisms kidney excretion/mechanism buffers

Rates of correction 1st – buffers function almost instantaneously 2nd – respiratory mechanisms function in several minutes to hours 3rd – kidney excretion/mechanism functions in several hours to days

Compensation - The body’s response to acid base imbalance (for a short time?) ________ compensation = pH is abnormal acid or base component is abnormal (CO2 or HCO3) ________ compensation – pH is abnormal acid and base component is abnormal (CO2 and HCO3) ________ compensation – pH is normal acid and base component is abnormal and pointing in same direction (CO2 and HCO3) _________ compensation - pH is normal acid and base component are normal (CO2 and HCO3)

uncompensated = body has not responded partial = one of the system(s) are trying to compensate, but pH is still abnormal compensated/complete compensation = the body is compensating corrected = everything is back to normal

If underlying problem is metabolic (kidneys) = __________ compensation can help (within ________) - ______________ - ______________

respiratory (lung) mins-hours - hyperventilation - hypoventilation

If underlying problem is metabolic (kidneys) = respiratory (lung) compensation can help (within mins-hours) - hyperventilation - hypoventilation Acidosis (____ pH/high hydrogen) Goal = __crease pH 1. stimulates brain and arterial receptors 2. __creased RR and depth (hyper or hypo ventilation to blow off CO2)? 3. CO2 __creases 4. carbonic acid __creases 5. pH __creases alkalosis/basic (___ pH/low hydrogen) goal = __crease pH 1. stimulates brain and arterial receptors 2. __creased RR and depth (hyper or hypo ventilation hold onto CO2)? 3. CO2 __creases 4. carbonic acid __creases 5. pH __creases

Acidosis (low pH/high hydrogen) Goal = increase pH 1. stimulates brain and arterial receptors 2. increased RR and depth (hyperventilation to blow off CO2) 3. CO2 decreases 4. carbonic acid decreases 5. pH increases alkalosis/basic (high pH/low hydrogen) goal = decrease pH 1. stimulates brain and arterial receptors 2. decreased RR and depth (hypoventilation hold onto CO2) 3. CO2 increases 4. carbonic acid increases 5. pH decreases

Metabolic alterations = metabolic acidosis/alkalosis = ______ compensation (within _____) - conserving CO2 = alkalosis or acidosis correction? - excreting CO2 = alkalosis or acidosis correction? (kidneys can also attempt to correct by retaining/excreting ________)

lung min - hours alkalosis acidosis HCO3/bicarb

If underlying problem is respiratory (lungs) = ____________ compensation can help (within _________)

If underlying problem is respiratory (lungs) = metabolic (kidneys) compensation can help (within hours to days) - renal mechanism

If underlying problem is respiratory (lungs) = metabolic (kidneys) compensation can help (within hours to days) - renal mechanism Acidosis (___ pH) Goal = __crease pH 1. kidneys will _______ bicarb back into bloodstream 2. kidneys will _______ hydrogen ions via urine alkalosis/basic (___ pH) goal = __crease pH 1. kidneys will _____ bicarb

Acidosis (low pH/high hydrogen) Goal = increase pH 1. kidneys will reabsorb bicarb back into bloodstream 2. kidneys will excrete hydrogen ions via urine alkalosis/basic (high pH/low hydrogen) goal = decrease pH 1. kidneys will excrete bicarb

Respiratory alterations = Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis = ______ compensation (within ______): - __________ H2CO3/bicarb = acidosis correction - __________ H2CO3/bicarb = alkalosis correction

Respiratory alterations = Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis = kidney compensation (in hours-days): - conserving/reabsorbing H2CO3/bicarb = acidosis correction - excreting H2CO3/bicarb = alkalosis correction

Normal values pH = CO2 = pO2 = HCO3 = O2 sat = 24-29 7.35-7.45 35-45 95-100% 80-100

Normal values pH = 7.35-7.45 CO2 = 35-45 pO2 = 80-100 HCO3 = 24-29 O2 sat = 95-100%

Normal values pH = CO2 = pO2 = HCO3 = O2 sat =

Normal values pH = 7.35-7.45 CO2 = 35-45 pO2 = 80-100 HCO3 = 24-29 O2 sat = 95-100%

_____________ Purpose - assess acid base status - determine adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation which is more accurate ABG or VBG?

Arterial Blood Gas ABG

_____ tells you: - pH = 7.35-7.45 - PaCO2 = 35-45 - respiratory parameter - tells you the partial pressure of CO2 in artery - HCO3 bicarb = 24-29 - metabolic parameter - Calculated on the ABG - Reported as CO2 on chemistry panel - Serum CO2 _________ tells you: - pH = 7.31-7.41 - PvCO2 = 41-51 - Tells you partial pressure of CO2 in the vein - HCO3 bicarb = 24-29 - Calculated value ______ - contains serum CO2 = HCO3 (bicarb) (24-29)

ABG VBG BMP

ABG vs VBG - pH = 7.35-7.45 - pH = 7.31-7.41 - PaCO2 = 35-45 - PvCO2 = 41-51 - HCO3 bicarb = 24-29 - HCO3 bicarb = 24-29

ABG VBG ABG VBG ABG VBG

Tells you partial pressure of CO2 in the vein tells you the partial pressure of CO2 in artery

PvCO2 = 41-51 (VBG) PaCO2 = 35-45 (ABG)

interpreting ABGs 1. see if pH is normal or abnormal ________ = compensated or corrected ________ = uncompensated or partial (if pH normal still see which way it is leaning to determine acidosis or alkalosis) 2. see if PCO2 is normal or abnormal ________ = not a respiratory problem ________ = respiratory problem (ROME = pH and PCO2 arrows will be _____ direction) 3. see if HCO3 is normal or abnormal _________ = not a metabolic problem _________ = metabolic problem (ROME = pH and HCO3 arrows will be _____ direction) 4. see what the level of compensation is by looking at pH, PCO2, HCO3: pH ________ + PCO2 ___ HCO3 abnormal = uncompensated pH ________ + PCO2 ___ HCO3 abnormal = partial pH ________ + PCO2 ___ HCO3 abnormal = compensated pH ________ + PCO2 ___ HCO3 normal = corrected

interpreting ABGs 1. see if pH is normal or abnormal normal = compensated or corrected abnormal = uncompensated or partial (if pH normal still see which way it is leaning to determine acidosis or alkalosis) 2. see if PCO2 is normal or abnormal normal = not a respiratory problem abnormal = respiratory problem (ROME = pH and PCO2 arrows will be opposite direction) 3. see if HCO3 is normal or abnormal normal = not a metabolic problem abnormal = metabolic problem (ROME = pH and HCO3 arrows will be same direction) 4. see what the level of compensation is by looking at pH, PCO2, HCO3: pH abnormal + PCO2 or HCO3 abnormal = uncompensated pH abnormal + PCO2 and HCO3 abnormal = partial pH normal + PCO2 or HCO3 abnormal = compensated pH normal + PCO2 and HCO3 normal = corrected

interpreting ABGs 1. pH = 7.26 CO2 = 63 HCO3 = 24

Normal values pH = 7.35-7.45 CO2 = 35-45 pO2 = 80-100 HCO3 = 24-29 O2 sat = 95-100% pH = low = acidosis CO2 = high = opposite direction arrows = respiratory issue HCO3 = normal respiratory acidosis, uncompensated (OR)

interpreting ABGs 2. pH = 6.95 CO2 = 30 HCO3 = 5

Normal values pH = 7.35-7.45 CO2 = 35-45 pO2 = 80-100 HCO3 = 24-29 O2 sat = 95-100% pH = low = acidosis CO2 = low = not a respiratory issue bc same direction HCO3 = low = metabolic issue bc same direction metabolic acidosis, partial (AND)

interpreting ABGs 3. pH = 7.43 CO2 = 78 HCO3 = 42

Normal values pH = 7.35-7.45 CO2 = 35-45 pO2 = 80-100 HCO3 = 24-29 O2 sat = 95-100% pH = normal = leaning high = alkalosis CO2 = high = not a respiratory issue bc same direction (ROME) HCO3 = high = metabolic issue bc same direction (ROME) metabolic alkalosis, compensated (pH normal, CO2 or HCO3 abnormal)

- hyperventilation causes respiratory acidosis or alkalosis - hypoventilation causes respiratory acidosis or alkalosis

Causes of respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation (blowing off too much CO2) Causes of respiratory acidosis - hypoventilation (retains too much CO2)

Common causes of ___________ - kidney failure - fistulas - DMT1 DKA - lactic acidosis - prolonged diarrhea = loss of HCO3 increases acid - starvation = body using fat for energy = ketosis - med OD – ASA - shock - cardiac arrest

metabolic acidosis

Causes of __________ - consuming excess base/basic (ex: baking soda, alka-seltzer) = causes hypokalemia which causes H ions to shift out of cell and potassium to go into cell - prolonged vomiting - NG tube - diuretics

metabolic alkalosis

- CNS over excitability s/s of acidosis or alkalosis - CNS depression s/s of acidosis or alkalosis

alkalosis acidosis

would these: - cardiopulmonary arrest - head injury - narcotics/sedatives - anesthesia - pulmonary disorders – acute asthma, COPD exacerbation, PNA, respiratory failure - pain - abdominal distension - airway obstruction - chest wall deformities - neuromuscular problems cause hyper or hypo ventilation? resulting in acidosis or alkalosis?

Causes of respiratory acidosis - hypoventilation (retains too much CO2)

would these: - anxiety/panic attack - increased metabolic demands – fever, sepsis - medications - hypoxia - PE or lung disease - CNS lesions - ventilator setting cause hyper or hypo ventilation? resulting in acidosis or alkalosis?

Causes of respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation (blowing off too much CO2)

week 2 content Flashcards

(72 cards)