Week 2) Dehydration synthesis

Question 1

Dyhadration synthesis

Answer 1

type of condensation reaction where 2 monomers join to form a dimer and release a water molecule

Question 2

Disaccharide: Maltose

Answer 2

form when a hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide glucose combines with qa hydrogen of another glucose joining monomers via covalent bond and realising water as a by product

Question 3

when hundreds of monosaccharides are link together trhough covalent bonds they form?

Answer 3

polysaccharide

Question 4

Carboxy- terminal of an amino acid joins the following amino terminal of the following amino acid through a covalent bond

Answer 4

Water is removed an a peptide is formed

Question 5

If more amino acids continue to join the carboxy terminus of the amino acid of the grwoing peptide chain forms?

Answer 5

Polypeptide chain

Question 6

glucose monomers can polymerize in various waves to form different polysaccharides such as?

Answer 6

starch, cellulose or glycogen

Question 7

hydrolysis reaction are?

Answer 7

• addition of water to a molecule, are one way a polymer breaks down into constinuent molecules
• opposite ti dehydration(creates larger molecules from smaller monoomers throguh a loss of water

Question 8

durign enzyme-assisted hydrolysis, water molecules are?

Answer 8

consumed

Question 9

Hydroxyl group binds to?

Answer 9

one monomer, and a hydrogen atom to the other leading the breaking of the bond between 2 monomerds units

Question 10

Ex:

Answer 10

Unbranched polysaccharide amylose is composed of repeating monomers of a-glucose

Question 11

enzyme amylase uses

Answer 11

water to hydrolyze amylose into dissacharide maltose, which is then durther hydrolized by the enzyme maltase into glucose subunits

Question 12

Lipids are grouped together by

Answer 12

a single defining factor. They are hydrophobic, insoluble in water, due to uncharged hydrocarbons.

Question 13

Based on the number and type of hydrocarbons, lipids are divided into 3 classes

Answer 13

fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

Question 14

Fats, also known as

Answer 14

triglycerides- made up of a glycerol and three fatty acids.

Question 15

Fats can be considered saturated or unsaturated, based on the presence or absence of

Answer 15

double bonds in each fatty acid, and thus potential saturation with the maximum number of hydrogens.

Question 16

Satured and unsaturated fatty acids also exist in

Answer 16

phospholipids- only 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol, and a charged phospahte group in place of the third fatty acid

Question 17

Hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrocarbon tail forms?

Answer 17

A bilayer, the cell membrane

Question 18

The hydrophilic phosphate heads are in contact with

Answer 18

asqueous solution inside and outside of the cell

Question 19

While Hydrophobic tails

Answer 19

face eachother, shielded and away of contact with water

Question 20

Steroids(like cholesterol)

Answer 20

• unique fused structure with a carbon skeleton of 4 hydrocarbon rings- chemical structure different from fats and phosphilipids

Question 21

Carbohydrates

Answer 21

• compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• molecules get their name from emperical formula of many monosaccharides that have 2 atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen for every carbon

Question 22

simple carbohydrates are

Answer 22

monomers and dimers called disaccharides

Question 23

Complex carbohydrates are

Answer 23

Polymers called polysaccharides

Question 24

Monosaccharide can be classified as

Answer 24

Aldose or ketose by its functional group

Question 25

Those having a aldehyde group are

Answer 25

aldoses

Question 26

those having a Ketone group are

Answer 26

ketoses

Question 27

Monosaccharide usually contain

Answer 27

3-7 carbons atoms in their chains

Question 28

Each of the carbon can be numered starting with

Answer 28

• the number one from the end closest to the carbonyl carbon.

Question 29

Sugars can form

Answer 29

• non-planar ring structures and in nature mostly exist in this cyclic form

Question 30

Ring structures form when

Answer 30

• the carbonyl group reacts with a hydroxyl group at the opposite end of the molecule through a condensation reaction

Question 31

The carbon attached to the reactive aldehyde or ketone is also known as

Answer 31

the anomeric carbon

Question 32

carbon-oxygen ring structures can exist as two anomers:

Answer 32

alpha and beta

Question 33

Anomers are structural isomers that differ in

Answer 33

the configuration at the carbonyl carbon

Question 34

Bonds formed below the ring structure are known as

Answer 34

beta linkages

Question 35

When two monosaccharides link together through glycosidic linkages, they form

Answer 35

disaccharides

Question 36

Glycosidic linkages are

Answer 36

covalent bonds that are formed when the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide reacts with the anomeric carbon of another monosaccharide with the elimination of a water molecule.

Question 37

Polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates are

Answer 37

a chain of monosaccharides held together by covalent bonds

Question 38

Glucose molecules linked through B-1-4 glycosidic bonds forms?

Answer 38

Cellulose
Water insoluble polysaccharide

Question 39

Glucose linked through a-1-4 glycosidic bonds forms?

Answer 39

Amylose
water-soluble polymer and a component of starch

Question 40

Starch and cellulose are polysaccharides found in

Answer 40

Plants

Question 41

Glycogen is a water-insoluble molecule made of

Answer 41

glucose linked through a-1-4 glycosidic bonds and inetermittent branching through a-1-6 glycosidic bonds

Question 42

Glycogen serves as

Answer 42

a storage polysaccharide in animals