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Diversity of life B > Week 2 - Evolution and diversity of vertebrates > Flashcards

Week 2 - Evolution and diversity of vertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between septal and opercular gills?

A

Septal gills are found in cartilaginous fish
Opercular gills are found in bony fish and more efficient

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2
Q

What is the structure of opercular gills?

A

Gill arch formed of:
Gill rakers
Gill filament

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3
Q

What are lateral lines ?

A

They are a mechanoreceptive system – used to detect water movement
Teleosts have them

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4
Q

What is the lateral line system formed of?

A

Neuromasts:
Superficial and canal

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5
Q

What is the difference between superficial and canal neuromasts ?

A

Superficial detect changes to flow at boundary layer whereas canal neuromasts detect the pulse of water movement

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6
Q

What changes in a feature has evolution of the lateral line lead to in fish?

A

Changes to head morphology

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7
Q

What is the difference between the jaw of non-teleost ray finned fish and teleost?

A

In non-teleost fish have a fused maxilla and premaxilla (NOT MOVEABLE)
In teleosts maxilla and pre maxilla form a protrusible jaw (MOVEABLE)

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8
Q

What are some advantages of jaw protrusion?

A

-Prey struck from far away
-Increased attack velocity
-Increased prey handling and swallowing ability

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9
Q

What are pharyngeal jaws?

A

Another set of jaws located in the throat (pharynx of some fish).
Are used to process and manipulate the food

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10
Q

What shape are cardiform teeth?

A

Many small pointed

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11
Q

What are ram feeders?

A

Continuous swimmers/ filter feeders

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12
Q

Describe bony fish reproduction

A

Dioecious ( 2 sexes)
Oviparous (egg laying)
Produce many eggs

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13
Q

What is broadcast spawning?

A

Where egg and sperm are both released into water at same time and fertilise externally.

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14
Q

What is brood gaurding?

A

When an animal — usually one or both parents — protects its eggs or offspring after fertilization

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15
Q

What is a female to male sex change called?

A

protogynous hermaphroditism

gyno - women

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16
Q

What is a male to female sex change called?

A

protANDRous hermaphroditism

andro - man

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17
Q

What is a true hermaphrodite ?

A

Both ovaries and testes in same individual

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18
Q

How does parthenogenesis work in sharks?

A

Female can produce asexually by:
1. Produces egg normally - this fuses with a small cell (a polar body) instead of sperm
2. Restores a diploid number of chromosome
3. Embryo develops as clone of mother

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19
Q

What is the difference between Iteroparity and semelparity?

A

Iteroparity - reproduces several times of life
Semelparity - reproduces just once

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20
Q

What is an anadromous migration between?

A

Sea to freshwater

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21
Q

What is a catadromous migration?

A

Freshwater to sea

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22
Q

What is a potadromous migration?

A

Occurs entirely in freshwaters

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23
Q

What is the name for entirely marine migrations?

A

Oceanodromous

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24
Q

The Actinistia (Coelcanths) are in the Lobed-fin fishes, name some of their characteristics

A

Large
Have muscles outside of body similar to lode-bearing limbs in tetrapods
2 living species

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25
What are Lungfishes (Dipnoid) ?
A fish with powerful jaws, and crushing teeth First appeared in the Devonian era Are a lobed-fined fish
26
How do lung fish breathe air ?
Lungs are filled by gulping air at surface; rates of ventilation vary depending on how useful gills are.
27
What does aestivation mean?
A state of dormancy during dry season
28
Where are Lung fish found in the world ?
Australia, Africa and South America
29
How do Lungfish survive in a state of dormancy ?
- They bite out mud using powerful jaw - Form a mucus cocoon - They breathe air via a mud tube to the surface - Ventilate lungs every hour Can survive 4-6 months in dry conditions
30
In what period did the Tetrapods evolve?
Devonian
31
When did vertebrates first colonise land?
385 Million years ago
32
What are some general tetrapod characteristics ?
Limbs Ankle and wrist joints Fully developed pectoral girdle(shoulder zone)
33
What are some general fish characteristics?
Scales Fins Gills and lungs
34
What are the extinct species that have contributed towards the evolution of Tetrapods ?
1.Eusthenopteron - evidence of limb bones 2.Panderichthyes - evidence of limb bones and digits 3. Tiktaalik - limb bones, could go onto land 4. Acanthostega - 4 limbs with well developed digits (are tetrapods)
35
How could we identify whether animals were freshwater or marine ?
Using oxygen isotopes - Implies a transition from marine-freshwater-terrestrial
36
What was a major challenge faced by animals adapting to land?
Locomotion: - Gravities effects makes it harder on joints - Limbs became larger and more differentiated - Pectoral girdle becomes disassociated from the head - Minimises force of the head and brain – increases head mobility - A steady decrease in hydrodynamics in terrestrial forms
37
How did respiration in fish change from water to land?
Fish (gills only) then early Tetrapods developed lungs aswell as gills, then fully terrestrial tetrapods had lungs only
38
What is cutaneous respiration?
Process where an animal exchanges gases (like oxygen and carbon dioxide) directly through its skin - used by amphibians
39
What are some adaptations amphibians have to prevent water loss?
- Skin makes mucous slime that limits evaporation from amphibian bodies - Behavioural (active at night ect...) - Excrete urea instead of ammonia which requires less water
40
How have sensory systems (eyes) adapted to life on land?
Blink rate: In high evaporation environments rate of blinking is more rapid
41
How have sensory systems (hearing) adapted to life on land?
The evolution of bony structures was required to enable better conduction due to different sound properties of air and water. Lateral line system disappeared mostly
42
How has the prey capture adapted to land ?
Suction feeding more developed into biting
43
How many clades of amphibians are there and what are they?
3: Clade 1 - Caecilians Clade 2 - Newts & salamanders Clade 3 - Frogs and toads
44
What are Caecilians?
Legless amphibians (look like worms), most have very small eyes. Body segmented by annular grooves They're highly specialised for burrowing with compact skulls Left lung is rudimentary
45
Where are Caecilians found?
Moist forest soil, some freshwaters Tropical
46
How and what do Caecilians eat ?
Are carnivorous, can grip prey and spin to process. Have retractable tenacles for sensing prey and mates (no ears). Tentacles carry chemical cues from the environment to the nasal cavity Have venom glands in tissue next to teeth in upper and lower jaws
47
Describe reproduction in Caecilians?
Have internal fertilisation Primitive caecilians are oviparous with aquatic eggs and larvae The most advanced caecilians are viviparous
48
Which order are the Newts and salamanders in ?
Urodela
49
How does reproduction occur in Newts and salamanders ?
Females pick up sperm with an opening called the cloaca When she lays eggs, the sperm fertilize them as they pass out of her body - Fertilisation is mostly internal - Eggs laid in land or water - On hatching some species have larvae others skip that phase
50
Newts and salamanders have paedomorphosis, what does this mean?
They retain larva features after maturity
51
Where are newts and salamanders found?
Across cooler northern temperate regions 3 native UK species 3 non-native UK species
52
What order are the Frogs and toads?
Anura
53
How are frogs and toads adapted?
No tail but always legs Highly adapted for locomotion (jumping) Hindlimbs are larger than forelimbs, webbed toes
54
How do frogs and toads catch their prey?
Carnivores capture prey with large protrusible sticky tongue
55
How are frogs adapted for mating?
Males often have large vocal sacs that amplify male mating calls Also use visual communication
56
How do frogs and toads reproduce?
Fertilization is external Most are oviparous, some are viviparous
57
How many native UK species are there?
4 Common frog Common toad Natterjack toad Pool frog
58
Why did major diversification occur in frog and toad populations?
Fragmentation of continents have created diversity via isolation
59
Amphibians are ectothermic, what does this mean?
Their body temp matches the environment. - They produce very little body heat, and lose it easily.
60
How do frogs and toads regulate their body temp?
They use there behaviour e.g. basking in sun
61
How has the Spadefoot toad adapted to life on land ?
- They spend most of their life underground - They dig using special spade-shaped structures on their hind feet - They only come out when it rains to mate, eat ect
62
What is unique about the egg laying location of the spadefoot toads?
They lay eggs in temporary pools of water, tadpoles develop before water dries out
63
Where and why does the spadefoot toad store water?
Stores water in their urinary bladder to be used during times of dormancy (aestivation).
64
Why do spadefoot toads convert nitrogenous waste into urea during dormancy?
Because this increases the solute concentration in the frog, drawing water into the frog from the moist surrounding soil
65
What is the benefit of a 2-stage life cycle?
Young (tadpoles) and adults don't compete for the same food. Tadpoles -often herbivorous and filter feeding Adults always carnivorous
66
How does the Tungara frog use ripples and sounds as a mating/defence strategy ?
It calls to make ripples, but adjusts its call based on if it senses ripples around it - too many ripples - danger
67
What other defence mechanism do frogs use ?
Colour changing Enlarging the body Aposematic coloration (looking poisonous)
68

Diversity of life B (10 decks)

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