Week 2 - Gastrointestinal infections Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
To consider a diarrhea as invasive it needs to cross a layer of the intestinal lumen, which one is it?
A
Lamina propia
2
Q
Bacteriemia signs and symptoms
A
- Shivers
- Piloerección
- Marble skin
3
Q
Salmonella spp. likes to invade an organ of the GIT, which one is it?
A
Gallbladder
4
Q
Uncomplicated Salmonella (non typhi) is treated with what type of antibiotic?
A
None, since its uncomplicated adding an antibiotic will lead to Salmonella staying @ gallbladder
5
Q
Principal cause of dysentery
A
Shigella dysenteriae
6
Q
Bacterias that grow on SS agar
A
- Salmonella (black bc of sulfhidric acid)
- Shigella (transparent)
7
Q
Patient with systemic manifestations (fever, chills, shivers) and inflammatory diarrhea needs lab tests, which ones?
A
- Blood culture
- Feces culture
8
Q
Difference between food poisoning and an infection
A
- Presence of fever in infection
- Food poisoning has a shorter incubation period
- Food poisoning only causes diarrhea, nausea and vomit but NO fever
9
Q
Entamoeba histolytica doesn’t cause diarrhea and causes colitis, why tf?
A
Bc it affects the large bowel and NOT the small intestine
10
Q
Resistant form of Entamoeba histolytic
A
Cysts (4 nuclei)
11
Q
Why is blood and mucus seen at feces when infected with Entamoeba histolytic?
A
Bc it causes ulcers that bleed and produce mucus
12
Q
Organs that can be invaded by Entamoeba histolytic
A
- Liver
- Lungs
- Brain
13
Q
Virulence factor present in Entamoeba histolytic
A
Lectin
14
Q
Characteristics of enteric fever
A
- Caused by Salmonella typhi
- Febrile illness
- Starts with fever, arthralgia, astenia, myalgia and general discomfort
- 2 weeks later starts with inflammatory diarrhea
- Bradycardia
15
Q
Characteristic dermatological manifestation of enteric/ typhoid fever
A
Rose/ red exanthema rash at back
16
Q
Zoonoses is caused by
A
Yersenia
17
Q
Rotavirus is a…
A
- Non-Enveloped | naked
- RNA virus | double stranded
- Double icosahedral capsid
18
Q
Leading cause of dehydration due to enteritis (childhood and infants)
A
Rotavirus
19
Q
The stomach flu is caused by…
A
Rotavirus
20
Q
There are 8 strains of Rotavirus A-H, which one is the one associated with the “stomach flu”
A
Rotavirus strain A
21
Q
Rotavirus is part of the reovirus family, and REO stands for…
A
- R: respiratory
- E: enteric
- O: orphan
22
Q
Rotavirus is transmitted via
A
Fecal-oral route (ingesting poop or vomit)
- Fluids
- Fingers
- Fields
- Flies
23
Q
Clinical manifestations of Rotavirus
A
- Gastroenteritis
- Diarrhea (watery|malabsorption) and vomiting (acute onset)
- Can lead to severe dehydration
- Low grade fever
24
Q
Complications of Rotavirus
A
- Severe dehydration
- Temporary lactose intolerance
- Seizures when rotavirus is present @ CSF
25
Virus associated with intuception
Rotavirus
26
Pathogenesis of rotavirus
- Infects epithelial cells @ small intestine
- Causes malabsorption due to epithelial cell loss
- Production of enterotoxin
- Damage to Enteric Nervous System
27
Rotavirus decreases the activity of some digestive enzymes produced by the enterocytes, which ones?
- Lactase
- Maltase
28
Rotavirus' production of... causes enterocyte death, leading to them being replaced by new loser underdeveloped enterocytes
Non-structural protein 4
29
Epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus
- Universal infection during the first years
- Can cause a severe sickness between 6M and 2 years old
- 450,000 deaths in children
30
There aren't any vaccines for Rotavirus (V/F)
False, there are 2 vaccines for rotavirus:
- Rotarix: monovalent vaccine
- RotaTeq: pentavalent vaccine
- Live attenuated oral vaccine
31
Reinfection is common throughout life when it comes to Rotavirus
True
32
Diagnosis for Rotavirus
- Specific virologic diagnosis isn't useful nor necessary
- Antigen detected @ stool: enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay
33
Name of the specific treatment for Rotavirus
- There isn't any specific treatment
- Hydration and supportive treatment
34
Why can't someone infected with rotavirus take antidiarrheals
Bc it'll slow down clearing of the virus
35
What kind of supplementation should you give to a patient with malnutrition that presents with Rotavirus
Zinc supplementation
36
Outer capsid proteins present in Rotavirus viral structure
- VP8
- VP5
- VP7
37
Intermediate capsid proteins present in the Rotavirus viral structure
VP6
38
Enterobacteriacea characteristics
- Gram -, non-spore forming
- Facultative anaerobes (ferment glucose)
- Coverts nitrate to nitrite
- Produce catalase
- Oxidase negative
- Urease +
- Grow on MacConkey agar
- Some can ferment lactose (pink colonies)
39
Enterobacter virulence factors
Fimbriae
40
Which bacterias form part of the enterobacteriacea squad?
- Salmonella
- Escherichia coli
- Proteus
- Klebsiella
- Citobacter
- Yersenia
- Shigella
41
Diagnosis techniques for enterobacteriacea
- Standard culture
- Immunoassays
- PCR
- Gel electrophoresis
42
Name the vaccine for all of these bacteriacea
There isn't any vaccine
43
Enterobacteria that acts on the small intestine, causes traveler's diarrhea, has a plasmid-mediated pathogenesis plus ST and LT enterotoxins
ETEC
44
Enterotoxins released by ETEC
- Heat-labile enterotoxin
- Heat stable enterotoxin
Inflammation @ intestines - fluid @ intestinal lumen that then produces watery diarrhea
45
ETEC causes intestinal wall destruction, therefore bleeding
False
46
Enterobacteria that acts on the small intestine, causes infant diarrhea in developing countries (rare @ USA), has a plasmid-mediated pathogenicity plus disruption on normal microvillus structure
EPEC
47
EPEC causes disease @ what specific age group
Children under 2 yo
48
What type of diarrhea does EPEC cause
Malabsorptive diarrhea because the cells flatten
49
Diagnosis for Traveler's diarrhea (ETEC)
Commercial immunoassays
50
Diagnosis for EPEC
Characteristic adherence to Hep-2 or HeLa cells
51
Enterobacteria that acts on small intestine, causes infant diarrhea in developing/ developed countries, has a plasmid-mediated aggregative adherence to rods (shortening microvilli)
EAEC
52
Diagnosis for EAEC
Characteristic adherence to HeP-2 cells
53
Enterobacteria that acts on large intestine, starts with watery diarrhea and them followed by bloody diarrhea; pathology mediated by Shiga toxin plus destruction of microvilli
STEC
54
Diagnosis for STEC
- Screening for O157:H7 with sorbitol-MacConkey agar
- Immunoassays
- DNA amplification assays
55
Enterobacteria that acts on large intestine, rare in developing and developed countries, that causes fever, cramping and watery diarrhea. Plasmid-mediated pathogenesis + destruction of cells lining the colon
EIEC
56
Where does EIEC replicate
Inside the intestinal lumen
57
Enterobacteria that can progress to hemolytic uremic syndrome
STEC
58
Enterobacteria that may progress to dysentery + bloody scant stools
EIEC
59
UPEC causes UTIs in what percentage
- 90% of community acquired UTIs
- 50% of hospital acquired UTIs
60
Does UPEC cause cystitis or polynephritis?
BOTH
61
Diagnosis for EIEC
- Sereny test
- Plaque assay in HeLa cells
62
Characteristics of E. coli
- Gram -
- Catalase +
- Lactose fermentor
- Facultative anaerobe
- Encapsulated
- Flagela
- Grows in eosin agar
63
Antigens present in E. coli
- O: somatic
- K: capsular
- F: fimbrial
- H: Flagellar
64
K1 E. coli is associated with
Neonatal meningitis
65
- Hemorrhagic colitis
- Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
- Diarrheal outbreaks are all associated with what type of E. coli
E. coli O157:H7
66
Characteristics of a moderate fluid loss
- Irritable children
- Thirst: moderately increased
- HR: elevated
- BP: normal or slightly reduced
- RR: elevated with deep inspiration
- Eyes: sunken orbits
- Capillary refill: delayed 2-3 seconds
- Urine output: moderately decreased
- Anterior fontanelle: sunken
67
Moderate fluid loss in percentage
6 to 9%
68
Characteristics of severe fluid loss
- Lethargic
- Children: irritable
- Thirst: extreme but too lethargic to drink
- HR: tachycardia or bradycardia
- BP: hypotensive
- RR: Kussmaul breathing
- Eyes: deeply sunken orbits + NO tear production
- Capillary refill: delayed > 3 seconds
- Urine output: oliguria or anuria
- Anterior fontanelle: markedly sunken
69
Severe fluid loss in percentage
> 10%
70
Enterobacteria that can ferment lactose
Escherichia coli
71
Which E. coli causes watery diarrhea + vomiting
- EPEC: Enteropathogenic
- ETEC: Enterotoxigenic
- EAEC: Enteroaggregative
72
Which E. coli causes watery than bloody diarrhea
- STEC: Shiga toxin-producing
- EHEC: Enterohemorragic
FUN FACT: son lo mismo on god
73
Which enterobacteria can lead to a severe infection
EIEC (similar to Shigela)
74
What increases the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome
Antibiotics
75
Where can E. coli grow (media cultures)
- MacConkey's agar (pink color)
- Eosin methylene blue (green color)
76
Extra-intestinal infections caused by E. coli
- Opportunistic pathogens
- Commensals
- UTI or neonatal meningitis
77
Mechanism of contagio of enterobacter
- Endogenous: ppl who take a lot of antibiotics
- Exogenous: direct/ indirect contact
78
"Coma shaped" gram - bacteria, that causes diarrhea even though it's considered noninvasive
Vibrio cholerae
79
Microbiological characteristics of V. cholerae
- Gram negative coma shaped
- Oxidase positive
- Grows @ alkaline media
- Has a singular flagellum
- Facultative anaerobe
80
Which V. cholerae causes epidemic cholera
O1 and O139
81
What causes the secretory diarrhea present in a Vibrio cholerae infection
Cholera toxin
82
V. cholerae has a reservoir, where?
Aquatic reservoir at brackish estuarine water
83
Mechanism of transmission for cholera
Fecal-Oral associated with unsafe water and inadequate sanitation
84
Vibrio cholerae can cause 2 types of infections
- Cholera: abrupt onset of watery diarrhea + vomiting
- Gastroenteritis: milder form of diarrhea (O1 and non-O1 types)
85
Diagnosis for cholera
- Child ages 5> develops severe dehydration + acute watery diarrhea
- Individual ager 2 or > develops acute watery diarrhea @ endemic area
- Rapid antigen tests (dipstick stool assays)
86
Gold standard agar to culture cholera
TCBS agar
87
Management of cholera
- Rapid assessment of the degree of dehydration
- Fluid restauration
- Oral rehydration/ IV fluid
- Antibiotics
88
What antibiotics can be used when treating cholera
- Macrolides
- Fluroquinolones
- Also tetracyclines
89
Primary role of the antibiotics when treating cholera
- Secondary role
- Decrease the duration of diarrhea
- Limit secondary transmission
90
Is there even a way to prevent cholera
2 oral vaccines approved or whatever
91
The severe fluid loss leads to
- Dehydration
- Metabolic acidosis
- Hypokalemia
- Hypovolemic shock
- Arrhythmia
- Renal failure
92
Characteristic diarrhea caused by V. cholerae O1 & O139
Rice water diarrhea
93
Characteristic of the non-O1 strains of cholera that facilitates spread beyond intestine
Polysaccharide capsule
94
Pathophysiology of cholera
- Virulence factors: cholera toxin (CtxA and CtxB)
- Vibrio cholerae attaches to ganglioside GMI receptor at the enterocytes
- Cholera toxin gets endocytosed
- Release of CtxA subunit to cytosol
- Activation of adenylyl cyclase
- Elevation of cAMP and produce a phosphorylation of CFTR
- Efflux of ions (Cl- and Na+) and H2O
- Causes diarrhea
95
Cholera causes
- Gastroenteritis
- Watery non-inflammatory diarrhea
96
Gram - rod part of enterobacteriaceae family that causes gastroenteritis
Salmonella spp.
97
Gastroenteritis and other infections caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS)
Salmonellosis
98
How many cases of salmonellosis are reported per year
1 million annually @ USA
99
Nontyphoidal salmonellosis has a reservoir, where tf?
@ fresh and prepared food from animals
100
There are some strains of Slmonella with multidrug resistance, to which antibiotic?
Fluroquinolones
101
Pathophysiology of nontyphoidal salmonellosis
- Ingestion of contaminated food and water
- Invade intestinal epithelial cells (damage to lamina propia)
- Causes: gastroenteritis or systemic infection
- Salmonella can colonize liver, spleen and BM
- From the liver it can pass to the gallbladder and lead to chronic carrige
- Bacteria is shed to the small intestine due to bile secretion
- Excreted at feces
102
Diagnosis for Salmonella is done by...
- Freshly passed stool cultured @ MacConkey agar
- Blood cultures when suspected bacteriemia
103
Salmonella and Shigella grow on SS agar, Salmonella grows in which color?
Black
104
What antibiotic do you give to a patient with uncomplicated Salmonella gastroenteritis
None lol
105
What antibiotics can you use for an invasive nontyphi salmonella severe gastroenteritis
- Ceftriaxone
- Fluroquinolones
106
Salmonella can produce pathogenicity islands yes or no?
Yes slay
107
When it comes to oxidase, fermentation and other stuff, where does Salmonella stand?
- Oxidase negative
- Ferments glucose but not lactose
- Produces hydrogen sulfide
108
Non-typhi salmonella spp attaches to which cells?
M cells located @ distal ilium
109
M cells fagocite Salmonella nont and then...
Basically ingest them and spit them out @ Peyer's patch (mucosal immune tissue)
110
Once nont salmonella is @ Peyer's patch it causes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and additional immune cells like neutrophils, this results in
- Enterocolitis: inflammation of the intestines and colon
- Damage @ mucosa when immune system cells are traveling causing ulcers... leading to efflux of water and causing diarrhea
111
How can non t salmonella progress to bacteremia
If it crosses the lamina propia and reaches the blood vessels, reaching the liver, brain, bones and spleen
112
Name some of the reservoirs for non-typhi salmonella
- Infected humans
- Birds
- Reptiles
- Mammals
- Amphibians
113
Transmission of non-typhi salmonella can be by the fecal to oral route and food borne, consumption of what increases the risk of salmonellosis
- Contaminated raw/undercooked animal products
- Poultry
- Meat
- Eggs
- Unpasteurized milk and any other milk products
- Contaminated: water, fruits and veggies, and peanut butter
114
You need a really small amount of non-t salmonella to cause an infection
False, they are sensitive to stomach acid so a LARGE amount is needed
115
Symptoms of non-t salmonella infection
- Start within 24 to 48 hours
- Watery diarrhea (maybe bloody)
- Abdominal cramps
- Low grade fever
- Nausea and vomiting
- Headache
- Dehydration if fluids are not replenished
116
Bacterial Inflammatory Enterides gang
- Typhoid salmonella
- Campylobacter
- Yersenia enterocolitica
- Escherichia coli O157
- Clostridium difficile
117
What characteristic will make you suspect of Clostridium difficile
- History of antibiotic use
- Recent admission to health care facility
118
Inflammatory enteride that can cause an outbreak of bloody diarrhea + severe hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Enterohemorragic E. coli strain (EHEC)
119
Inflammatory enteride that can cause intestinal and systemic infection
Campylobacter spp.
120
Inflammatory enteride that has virulence factors like A and B toxin
Clostridium difficile
121
Inflammatory enteride that causes seafood poisoning
Vibrio parahemolyticus
122
Type of diarrhea caused by inflammatory enterides
Dysentery (blood, mucus and pus @ diarrhea)
123
Inflammatory enterides cause intestinal inflammation, how can you spot that on a CBC?
Leukocytes and lactoferrin
124
Inflammatory enteride that causes bacillar dysentery
Shigella dysenteriae
125
Inflammatory enteride that causes amebian dysentery
Entamoeba hystolytica
126
Inflammatory enteride that causes typhoid fever
Salmonella typhi
127
Inflammatory enteride that causes yersiniosis
Yersenia enterocolitica
128
Epidemiologicaly, what causes a Campilobacter jejuni infection
Animal and food exposure
129
Epidemiologicaly, what causes a Clostridium difficile infection
Antimicrobials
130
Epidemiologicaly, what causes salmonellosis
Food and reptile infection
131
Epidemiologicaly, what causes a Shigella infection
Contact with an infected person or contaminated food
132
Epidemiologicaly, what causes a Vibrio cholerae (O1 and O139) infection
Food and water exposure
133
Epidemiologicaly, what causes a Yersenia enterocolitica infection
Food and water exposure
134
Epidemiologicaly, what causes a Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection
Seafood exposure
135
Bacillary dysentery is caused by
- Shigella
- 157 enteroinvasive E. coli
136
Between Shigella and 157 enteroinvasive E. coli, which one is more infectious?
Shigellosis
137
Microbiological characteristics of Shigella spp.
- Gram - rods
- Family: enterobacteriace
- 100 to 200
- Non-lactose fermenter
- Urease and oxidase -
- NO hydrogen sulfide gas
- NO flagellum and NO spores
- Grows on MacConkey agar
138
Shigella is ingested and then travels to the intestinal lumen where it affects ____ cells and ____
- Enterocytes
- M cells
139
After M cells fagocite Shigella...
They spit it up and it ends in the MALT tissue and causes apoptosis
- Causes inflammation and the release of cytoskines and immune cells
- Type III secretory system
140
Toxin produced by S. dysenteriae serotype 1
Shiga toxin
141
The presence of Shiga toxin @ blood circulation can lead to
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
- Hemolytic anemia
- Kidney failure (uremia)
- Trombocytopenia
142
Virulence factors of Enteroinvasive E. coli
- Possesses somatic antigen
- Plasmid controls invasiveness
143
Diagnosis for bacillary dysentery
- Stools 4 Shigella infected ppl
- The sooner the better
- Plated on gram - media @ 37°C (overnight growth)
144
Shigella causes dysentery that may last 7 days, what are the symptoms?
- Abdominal cramping
- Rectal cramping
- High fever
- Vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Fecal incontinence
- Dysentery: watery, mucous flaked diarrhea + blood + pus
145
Antibiotics used for shigellosis (S. dysenteriae)
- Adults: fluroquinolones for 3 days
- Children: Cephalosporin, Ciprofloxacin or Azithromycin
146
Pathogen responsible for causing amebiasis
Entamoeba histolytica
147
Complications of amebiasis
- Amebic colitis
- Liver abscess
- Brain abscess (maybe)
148
How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted
- Fecal-oral
- Person-person
- Water/foodborne
149
What is the correlation between amebiasis and children/ infants
- Common in infants and children
- Even more common in poor communities and in a developing world
150
If a person is returning from an international travel, what will you suspect is causing their GIT infection (besides ETEC)
Amebiasis, common in returning international travelers
151
Infectious form of Entamoeba histolytica
Cyst
152
Therapy for invasive and noninvasive Entamoeba histolytica
- Noninvasive: paromomycin
- Invasive: metronidazole/ tinidazole
153
Diagnosis for amebiasis
- Fecal antigen detection or PCR
- Colonoscopy and abdominal imaging
154
Nonspecific febrile illness is also known as
Enteric fever
155
What pathogen causes enteric fever
Typhoidal Salmonella
156
What would make you suspect of enteric fever in a patient
Any patient with persistent unexplained prolonged fever with onset diarrhea
157
Multidrug-resistant strains that cause enteric fever
- Salmonella enterica typhi
- Paratyphi A
158
Typhi salmonella has ____ virulence factor that protects them from antibodies that signal leukocytes
VI capsular polysaccharide antigen virulence factor
159
Symptoms of typhoid fever appear 1 or 2 weeks after infection, what are the symptoms?
- High sustained fever
- Abdominal pain
- Constipation then diarrhea
- Rose/salmon colored spots on chest/abdomen
- Hepato and splenomegaly (when the infection spreads)
160
Complications of enteric fever
- Hemorrhage
- Perforation
- Encephalopathy
- Shock
161
Enteric fever can lead to
Chronic biliary carriage of Salmonella after resolution
162
Enteric fever diagnosis
- Blood culture
- Bone marrow is more sensitive than a blood culture but IMPRACTICAL
163
Therapy for enteric fever
- Fluroquinolones
- Azithromycin
- Cefixime/ Ceftriaxone
- Chloramphenicol
- Amoxicillin
- Fluid and electrolyte replenishment
- NSAIDs
164
Is there a vaccine for enteric fever or not?
Yes, oral attenuated typhoid vaccine and an injectable polysaccharide vaccine
165
The suppression of neutrophils and high levels of monocytes and macrophages @ intestines cause...
- Hypertrophy and necrosis
- May lead to ileal perforation
- May cause infection of the peritoneum
166
Zoonoses with multiple animal hosts
Yersenia enterocolitica
167
Yersenia enterocolitica has tropism for...
Lymph nodes
168
Microbiology of Yersenia enterocolitica
- Facultative anaerobe
- Gram -
- Rods/ Coccobacilli
- Motile and non motile
- Growth @ 37°C on MacConkey agar, Sheep blood agar, Salmonella-Shigella media (SS), CNS agar
- Non-spore forming
- Oxidase -
- Non-lactose fermenter (white colonies)
169
Yersenia enterocolitica has many virulance factors:
- ___ and ___ to attach to the epithelial cells @ intestines
- Type III secretion system (bacterial proteins ___)
- Adhesins: YadA and Ail
- YOPs: block pro inflammatory cytokines to avoid phagocytosis
170
Where does Yersenia multiplicate
Peyer's patches
171
Loser enterotoxin produced by Y. enterocolitica
YST
172
Natural hosts for Yesenia
- Cows
- Pigs
- Deers
- Birds
173
Yersenia's mechanism of transmission
- Dog kk
- Contaminated milk
- Contaminated pork
174
Clinical manifestations of Yersenia enterocolitica
- Enteritis and pseudoapendicitis
- Reactive arthritis or erythema nodosum
- Terminal ileitis
- Right colon: enterocolitis
- Mesenteric lymphadenitis
175
Patients at risk for developing septicemia by Yersenia
- Immunosuppressive state ppl
- Iron overload conditions: sickle-cell disease and beta-thalassemia
176
Treatment for Yersenia enterocolitica
- Aminoglycosides
- Tetracyclines
- Fluroquinolones
- Streptomycin/ Gentamicin
177
What is the role of antibiotics when it comes to enteritis or mesenteric lymphadenitis
None, lit es unnecessary
178
Prevention for Yersenia enterocolitica
- Safe handeling/preparation of pork
- Avoid unpasteurized milk and dairy products
179
Campylobacter jejuni characteristics
- Small, curved, gram - rods
- GIT illness (1 to 7 days)
- Bloody diarrhea + abdominal pain
180
Seasonal changes in regards to the presence of Campylobacter jejuni
- Summer and fall: developed countries
- All year round: developing countries
181
How does someone come in contact with Campylobacter jejuni?
Consumption/ handling of poultry + unpasteurized milk
182
Microbiological characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni
- Thrive @ 42°C
- Very small
- Microaerophilic and grow best @ 5-10% of oxygen
- Gram - bacteria
- Flagellum
- Oxidase +
- Loves warmth
183
Isolation of... can help with the diagnosis of Campylobacter jejuni
Stool or blood
184
Therapy and treatment for Campylobacter jejuni
- Replace fluids + electrolytes
- Antibiotics: Erythromycin and extended-spectrum macrolides
185
Role of the antibiotics in a Campylobacter jejuni infection
To shorten the duration of the symptoms
186
Campylobacter jejuni are so tiny they can filter from stool sample
yuh
187
Virulence factors for Campylobacter jejuni
- Endotoxin
- Polysacchharide capsule
- Flagella
- Cytolethal distending toxin
- Filaments (PEB1 and CadF)
188
Syndrome related to Campylobacter jejuni
Guillian-Barré syndrome
189
Campylobacter jejuni causes...
- Fever, muscle pain, malaise and headache
- Reactive arthritis
- Gastroenteritis @ mucosa of jejunum, ileum and colon
- Extraintestinal infections: bacteriemia and cardiovascular
190
Autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system and causes demyelination
Guillian-Barré
191
Manifestations of Guillain-Barré syndrome
- Hyporeflexia
- Normal WBC
- Elevated protein
- Prolonged F waves
- Demyelination
- Ascending paralysis
192
Gram - bacterium that colonizes the stomach and increases risk of developing PUD
H. pylori
193
Microbiological characteristics of H. pylori
- Urease, oxidase and catalase +
- Gram -
- Spiral-shaped
194
Diagnosis of H. pylori
- Noninvasive: serology, urea breath test and stool antigen
- Invasive: endoscopy and analysis of gastric tissue
195
Treatment for H. pylori
Triple or quadruple therapy
196
Virulence factors for H. pylori
- Urease: converts urea to ammonia and bicarb to neutralize gastric secretions
- Endotoxin (LPS)
- Exotoxins: VCA and CAGA
197
H. pylori can cause...
- Gastritis: @ pyloric antrum
- Peptic ulcers: gastric and duodenal
- Gastric adenocarcinoma: metaplasia
198
Besides the rice water diarrhea, V. cholerae causes fever, cramping and pain
False, it does not cause any of those
199
The severe dehydration caused by V. cholerae can result in...
- Disorientation
- Dry mouth
- Swollen tongue
- Sunken eyes
- Cold + clammy skin
- Shriveled/ dry hands and feet
200
Low levels of which electrolyte cause metabolic acidosis and kussmaul breathing (V. cholerae infection)
HCO3
201
Low levels of which electrolyte cause muscle dysfunction (cramps, weakness, abnormal heart rhythms) (V. cholerae infection)
K+
202
Low levels of which electrolyte cause headaches, poor balance, disorientation, seizures and possibly coma
- Na+
- Cl-
203
Which microorganism grows on Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar
Vibrio cholerae
204
Mechanism of transmission of Campylobacter jejuni
Fecal-oral
205
Bacteria most commonly associated with toxic megacolon
Campylobacter jejuni
