Week 2: Infection Control

Question 1

Bacteria

Answer 1

Commensalsornormalflora
* Pathogenicbacteria contribute to a number of diseases e.g.
– Tuberculosis; pneumonia; bacterial meningitis
* Antibiotics
* Vaccines

Question 2

Virus

Answer 2

Examples of viral disease: * HIV
* Measles, Mumps, Rubella * Poliomyelitis
* Smallpox
* COVID-19
* Antibiotics don’t work * Antiviral medications * Vaccines

Question 3

Fungi

Answer 3

Superficial fungal infections = usually not dangerous
* Systemic/internal fungal infections = sometimes deadly
* Examples:
– Candidiasis(thrush)
– Athletesfoot
– Pneumocystispneumonia
* Antifungal medications (side effects)
* Treatments that eliminates bacteria give the fungi a change to flourish

Question 4

Protozoa

Answer 4

Examples of disease: – Malaria
– Giardia
* Antiprotozoal medications
* Treat symptoms e.g. dehydration
* Eliminate vectors such as mosquitos

Question 5

Parasites

Answer 5

WIDE RANGE of size, complexity, habits
* Parasites live by taking what they need from their host
* Most parasites don’t benefit by killing their hosts
* Helminths include roundworms, tapeworms and flukes

Question 6

Multi resistant organisms

Answer 6

Usually bacteria
* Resistant to multiple antimicrobials
* Due to over prescribing of antibiotics
* Increases morbidity (disease burden) and mortality (death)
* Extremely difficult to trea
\VRE vancomycin

Question 7

standard precautions

Answer 7

The first-line approach to infection prevention & control. Applied to everyone, irrespective of their infectious status
- hand hygiene
- handling of waste and linline
- cough etiqueete
- disposal of sharps
- Use of PPE when risk of body substance exposure

Question 8

PPE should be used when exposed to

Answer 8

• blood
• body substances such as body fluids, faeces,
  solid tissue
• non-intact skin & mucous membranes

Question 9

Transmission based precautions defined

Answer 9

Used in addition to Standard Precautions for clients with known or suspected infections that are spread in one of three ways:
Contact Droplet Airborne

Question 10

transmission examples

Answer 10

Ø PPE dedicated to mode of transmission
Ø Patient-dedicated equipment
Ø Single room or cohort of patients
Ø Air handling requirements
Ø Enhanced cleaning & disinfection of patient environment
Ø Restricted transfer of patients between facilities

Question 11

fluid balance oedema

Answer 11

• Nurses are required to keep track of a patient’s fluid balance
• This involves calculating how much Input and Output
• It may also include weighing the patient every day
• This is calculated every hour in critical patients
• It is recorded on a Fluid Balance Chart

Question 12

Contact Precautions:

Answer 12

Used for patients with known or suspected infections that spread through direct or indirect contact. PPE like gloves and gowns are required.

Question 13

Droplet Precautions:

Answer 13

Used for patients with infections transmitted via respiratory droplets (larger droplets that do not remain suspended in the air). PPE includes masks, gloves, and eye protection.

Question 14

Airborne Precautions:

Answer 14

Used for infections transmitted via small droplets that can remain suspended in the air and be inhaled.
PPE includes N95 respirators, gloves, gowns, and eye protection.

Question 15

Steps After Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens:

Answer 15

• Wash the exposed area with soap and water.
• Report the exposure to the appropriate supervisor or occupational health department.
• Seek medical evaluation and follow-up, including testing for bloodborne pathogens like HIV, HBV, and HCV.
• Follow any post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) recommendations if necessary.