Week 2: Nature of injury in sports

Question 1

What are the 3 possible risks of a sport?

Answer 1

Sudden death during exercise

Risk of death due to the nature of the sport

Risk of injury

Question 2

List the 3 properties that indicate a high risk sport?

Answer 2

Height

Water

Speed

Question 3

What are the most common injuries in sport?

Answer 3

Head/neck

Upper limb

Lower leg

Question 4

Describe the term macrotrauma?

Answer 4

Trauma resulting from a single blow

e.g. sprained ankle

Question 5

Describe the term microtrauma?

Answer 5

Injuries that are a result of frequent use of that muscle or tendon etc.

Overuse trauma

Question 6

What are soft tissues?

Answer 6

Tissues that connect, surround or support other structures or organs

Includes: Muscles, Ligaments, Tendons, Fascia, Fat etc

Question 7

List the different types of macrotrauma?

Answer 7

Fractures and dislocations

Major Muscle

Head and Spinal injuries

Chest and abdominal injuries

Question 8

List the different factors that cause microtrauma?

Answer 8

Intrinsic factors (anatomical variation)

Increased Participation

Increased intensity and duration

Extrinsic factors (Poor technique)

Question 9

What are the two types of injuries to bone?

Answer 9

Open and closed

Question 10

What are the two causes of injuries to bone?

Answer 10

Direct trauma (tackle)

Indirect trauma (fall/twist)

Question 11

What are the different classifications of injuries to bone?

Answer 11

Transverse

Oblique

Spiral

Comminuted

Avulsion

Question 12

List the common sports injuries?

Answer 12

Bone such a fractures

Articular cartialge

Dislocation/subluxation

Ligaments

Strain/Tear

Contusions

Tendons

Bursa

Nerve

Skin (cut, lacerations)

Question 13

Describe the injuries associated with the bone

Answer 13

Most common type is fracture

Clinical signs: Pain, tenderness, localised bruising, swelling

Management: Realignment

Question 14

Describe possible complications of having an injury to the bone?

Answer 14

Infection in open wounds

Acute compartment syndrome; Swelling in a muscle compartment results in pain

Associated injury such as that to the nerve or blood vessel

DVT/Pulmonary embolism

Question 15

Describe injuries to the articular cartilage?

Answer 15

Diagnosed using an MRI

Common in weight-bearing sites

May predispose to premature osteoarthritis

Damage to the articular cartilage which covers the ends of the bone

Does not fully heal.

Possible treatments include cell transplantation

Question 16

Describe dislocation/subluxation type of injury?

Answer 16

Injury to the joint

Dislocation: Trauma complete dissociation of the articulating surfaces

Subluxation: Some contact remains in the articulating surfaces

Damage to the surround joint capsule and ligaments

Relocation of the joint

Problem: Surrounding tissues are stretched after dislocation, thus patients are a risk of future dislocations

Question 17

Describe injuries to the ligaments?

Answer 17

3 grades: Grade 1 to 3

Grade 1: Ligament is stretched

Grade 3: Complete tear

Treatment: Bracing or surgery

Question 18

Describe the strain/tear type of injury?

Answer 18

This injury occurs in muscles

Occurs when demand exceeds muscle capacity

Common in the lower limb

3 grades: Grade 1 to 3

Grade 1: Few fibres involved

Grade 3: Complete tear

Question 19

Describe contusion type of injury?

Answer 19

Common in contact sports

Cause: direct blow from opponent or equipment

Blood vessels have been ruptured

Question 20

Describe injuries to the tendon?

Answer 20

Rupture is the common type

Complete or partial rupture

Common site is Achilles

Question 21

Describe Achilles Tendopathy?

Answer 21

Chronic repetitive overload injury to the Achilles tendon

Question 22

Describe injuries to the skin?

Answer 22

Cut, wounds and lacerations

Management: stop bleeding, prevent infection, immobilise

Question 23

Name these different nerve innervations to the hand?

Answer 23