Week 2: Pain

Question 1

What is pain

Answer 1

-unpleasant sensation
-discomfort caused by stim.of pain receptors

Question 2

what causes pain

Answer 2

-Inflammation
- Infection
- Ischemia and tissue necrosis
- Stretching of tissue
- Stretching of tendons, ligaments, joint capsule
- Chemicals
- Burns
- Muscle spasm

Question 3

what is somatic pain

Answer 3

from the skin (cutaneous)
bone muscle
conducted by sensory fibres

Question 4

what is visceral pain

Answer 4

originates in organs
conducted by sympathetic fibres
may be acute or chronic

Question 5

what are sensory dimensions

Answer 5

the perception of pain by the individ

Question 6

what do sensory dimensions include

Answer 6

location
intensity
pattern
quality

Question 7

pain threshold

Answer 7

point at which stimulus is perceived as pain

Question 8

whats a pain tolerance

Answer 8

max intensity or duration of pain that a person can endure before acting

Question 9

whats an autonomic pain response

Answer 9

protecting an individual

ex. moving hand from a hot stove

Question 10

whats a behavioural pain resposne

Answer 10

learned behav as a method to coping with the pain

ex. rubbing a sore leg

Question 11

what is hyperalgesia

Answer 11

-increased sensit to pain
-result of damage to nociceptors or peripheral nerves

ex. shingles

Question 12

what are the 4 major processes of nociception

Answer 12

transduction
transmission
perception
modulation

Question 13

what is transduction

Answer 13

conversion of a
- mechical
- thermal
- chemical stimulus
- neuronal ap

Question 14

mechanical stimulus

Answer 14

trauma
surgery
muscle spasm

Question 15

thermal stimulus

Answer 15

extreme heat or cold

Question 16

chemical stimulus

Answer 16

lactic acid
bradykinins
enzymes

Question 17

where does tranduction occur

Answer 17

free nerve endings of nociceptors

Question 18

what occurs once free nerve endings are stimulated (transduction)

Answer 18

noxious stimuli results in release of chemicals around peripheral afferent nociceptor

Question 19

what chemicals are released once free nerve endings are stimulated

Answer 19

bradykinin
serotonin
histamine
acetylcholine
substance p

Question 20

what occurs when a stimulus causes released chemicals to excite the peripheral afferent nociceptor

Answer 20

ap fires

Question 21

what is an ap necessary for

Answer 21

convert pain stimulus to an impulse and move it from the periphery to the spinal cord

Question 22

what is transmission

Answer 22

movement of pain impulses from the site of the transduction to the brain

Question 23

what are 2 main types of peripheral nerve fibres

Answer 23

a fibers (beta and delta)
c fibers

Question 24

A fibers

Answer 24

small
myelinated
transmit signals fast
produce sharp localized pain

Question 25

C fibers

Answer 25

large
unmyelinated
transmit signals slowly
produce dull achy pain in deeper structures

Question 26

what does dorsal horn processing include

Answer 26

release of nt (substance p) which may either excite or inhibit the cell

Question 27

what happens when the pain reaches the somatosensory area in the cerebral cortex

Answer 27

perception and localization of sensation

Question 28

what happens when pain reaches the hypothalamus and limbic system

Answer 28

emotional factors

Question 29

what occurs within the reticular activating system

Answer 29

reticular formation in the pons and medulla
awareness of incoming brain stimuli

Question 30

what do cortical structures provide

Answer 30

meaning of pain

Question 31

what is the perception of pain

Answer 31

occurs wehn pains recognized
concious awareness of pain
subjective interpretation

Question 32

what are effective non medical pain reducing interventions

Answer 32

music
distraction
relaxation
imagery

Question 33

what are pathways that integrate nervous system impulses

Answer 33

modulation

Question 34

what does modulation involve

Answer 34

activation of descending pathways that exert inhibitory or excitatory effects on pain transmission that will suppress or facilitate pain

Question 35

where does modulation occur

Answer 35

periphery
spinal cord
brain stem
cerebral cortex

Question 36

what may be released that inhibits pain transmission

Answer 36

serotonin
NE
endogenous opiods