Week 2 Part 2 Flashcards
Genes
hereditary, the amount of variation of a trait that is due to genes
Shared Environment
factors that make siblings residing in the same family similar
Nonshared environment
factors that make siblings residing in the same family different
-peers are a powerful example
Genotype
the genes a person has; actual genetic makeup
Phenotype
the traits that actually result, final apperence
Reaction range
the potential range of phenotypes a child might have depending on gene by environmental interactions
Teratogens:
environmental factors that cause abnormal fetal development
-substances: alcohol, cigrettes, nicotine
-Diseases: rubella, malaria, zika
Low birth weight
-important risk factor
-most reliable predictor of infant survival and healthy development
Good environemtnal influences
folic acid: reduces neural tube defects
DHA: contributes to fetal brain structures
What does stability or plasticity mean?
-to what extent do personality traits remain stable from childhood to adulthood?
-can early experiences shape a person’s development throughout their life?
Cognitive risk factors and protective factors
R: low intelligene, learning disability
P: high intelligence, good working memory
Socioemotional risk and protective
R: aggression
P: social competence
Family risk and protective
R: harsh parenting; parental depression; poverty
P: warm nurturing, two parent family, extended family nearby
Community risk and protective
R: neighborhood violence, school poverty level
P: religious involvement; extracurricular activities
Neural plasticity
writing and reorganization continues to change throughout the lifespan
Synaptogensis
formation of connections between neurons, explodes the period after birth
Pruning
the loss of synapses, thought to be an important development step for proper brain function
Experience-expectant
brain expects some type of inputs
What are 4 factors that affect the ability of the brain to change
-age matters
- attachment affects the developing brain
- stress affects the developing brain
-stimulating environments promote brain development
An infants growth follows what kind of pattern?
-cephalocaudal pattern meaning growth starts at the head and proceeds outward
-proximal-distal pattern meaning development begins in the center and proceeds outward
Starting at age 2 children grow how many inches a year and gain how many pounds
2-4 inches and 6 to 7 pounds
Gross motor skills involve what
large muscle movements
-manual exploration (beings before birth)
-Goal directed reaching (4 months)
-Crawling ( 6 to 10 months) provides info about the world
-Walking (10-14 months)
Preschool development
improved strength and coordination improve
3: run, jump, throw a ball
5: children can do more complex tasks like biking, jumping rope
Fine motor skills
involve small body movements
