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PY1103 - Intro to Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy > Week 2 (parts 1 and 2) > Flashcards

Week 2 (parts 1 and 2) Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

WEEK 2 pt1

A

Cardiac anatomy and physiology

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3
Q

what is the function of blood

A

transport of oxygen, metabolic waste products, hormones; regulation of body temp, pH in body tissues, Maintaining adequate fluid volumes; protection - preventing blood loss via clotting, preventing infection

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4
Q

what are the main components of blood

A

plasma,RBCs, WBCs, platelets

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5
Q

where is the heart located

A

behind the sternum, 1/3 lies to the right of the midline, 2/3 lies to the left of the midline

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6
Q

what is the function of the atria

A

receiving chambers for blood

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7
Q

what is the function of ventricles

A

pumping chambers for the blood

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8
Q

what is pericardium

A

double walled sac surrounding the heart

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9
Q

what is the outer layer of pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium - made of fibrous connective tissue, protects heart, prevents overfilling, anchors heart to surrounding structures

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10
Q

what are the inner layers of Pericardium

A

Serous pericardium:
- Parietal pericardium lines the fibrous
pericardium
- Visceral pericardium fused to external layer of the heart wall (AKA epicardium)
- Pericardial fluid is in between parietal and visceral pericardium (pericardial cavity)
lubricates and creates frictionless environment

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11
Q

what are the 3 layers of the walls of the heart

A

Epicardium (outer layer), Myocardium (middle layer), Endocardium (thin layer of endothelium)

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12
Q

what are the key facts about myocardium

A

thickest layer of the wall of the heart, the layer that contracts, composed of cardiac muscle fibres arranged in spiral and loops, separate systems for atria and ventricles

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13
Q

what are the valves of the heart

A

Atrioventricular valves:
Tricuspid (right), Bicuspid (left)
Semilunar valves:
Pulmonary (right)
Aortic (left)

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14
Q

what is the pathway of blood through the heart

A

Right Side:
Pulmonary Circulation:
- R atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava
- Blood passes through the right tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
- Then passes through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery
- Destination – lungs
Left Side:
Systemic circulation
- L atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins
- Blood then passes through mitral valve into the L ventricle
- Though the aortic valve into the aorta
- Destination – the body

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15
Q

what is coronary circulation

A

Coronary Circulation:
- Oxygenated blood supply to the heart supplied by coronary arteries
- Right and left coronary arteries arise from the base of the aorta
- Coronary arteries are superficial – located in epicardium
- Send branches deeper into the myocardium
- Blood flow to the myocardium occurs when the heart is relaxed – during a contraction the blood vessels in the myocardium are compressed
- Coronary veins return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium via the coronary sinus

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16
Q

what is systole

A

heart contracts

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17
Q

what is Diastole

A

heart relaxes

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18
Q

what happens in early diastole

A
  • Whole heart relaxed
  • Pulmonary and aortic valves shut
  • AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral) open
  • Blood flowing passively from great veins through atria to ventricles
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19
Q

what happens during atrial systole

A
  • Atria contract forcing blood into the ventricles
  • Atria then relax
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20
Q

what happens during ventricular systole: isovolumetric contraction

A
  • Ventricles contract
  • Increase ventricular pressure
  • AV valves now close
  • Aortic and pulmonary valves still closed – this contraction does not bring about any change in volume
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21
Q

what happens during ventricular systole: ventricular ejection

A
  • Ventricular pressure continues to rise
  • Aortic and pulmonary valves forced open
  • Blood rapidly ejected into the aorta (L) and pulmonary artery (R)
  • While the ventricles are in systole, atria are in diastole and filling with blood
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22
Q

what happens during ventricular diastole: isovolumetric relaxation

A
  • Ventricles relax and ventricular pressure drops
  • Blood in aorta and pulmonary artery starts to flow back towards heart = aortic and pulmonary valves shut
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23
Q

what are the specialised conduction fibres in the heart

A
  • Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
  • Atrioventricular node (AV node)
  • Atrioventricular bundle of His
  • Purkinje fibres

Contraction imitated at the SA node in the R atrium, Impulse spreads through both atria to the AV node, Passes to the bundle of His, Finally, to the Purkinje fibres

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24
Q

what is the function of the SA node

A

Causes depolarisation and contraction of both atria (atrial systole)

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25
what is the function of the AV node
- Slows impulse down - Allows time for atrial contraction and ventricular filling
26
what is the function of the Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibres
- Causes depolarisation and contraction of both ventricles (ventricular systole)
27
WEEK 2 pt 1
Cardiac anatomy and Physiology
28
what are the functions of blood
transport: oxygen, metabolic waste products, hormones Regulation of: body temp, pH in body tissues, maintaining adequate liquid volume Protection: preventing blood loss via clotting and preventing infection
29
what are the main components of the blood
Plasma, RBCs, WBCs, Platelets
30
where/ how is the heart located in the chest
behind the sternum, 1/3 lies to the right of the midline, 2/3 lies to the left of the midline
31
what is the double membrane that surrounds the heart
Pericardium
32
how many chambers does the heart have
2 atria (receiving chambers) and 2 ventricles (Pumping chambers)
33
what is Pericardium
 double walled sac surrounding the heart  Fibrous pericardium is the outer layer  Made of tough fibrous connective tissue  Protects heart, prevents overfilling, anchors heart to surrounding structures (including diaphragm via the central tendon)  Serous pericardium is the inner layers:  Parietal pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium  Visceral pericardium fused to external layer of the heart wall (AKA epicardium)  Pericardial fluid in between parietal and visceral pericardium – pericardial cavity – lubricates and creates frictionless environment
34
what are the layers of the walls of the heart
 Epicardium (AKA visceral pericardium)– outer layer a thin layer of external membrane  Myocardium – middle layer of cardiac muscle  Endocardium – thin layer of endothelium
35
What is the structure of myocardium
 Thickest layer of the wall of the heart  This is the layer that contracts  Composed of cardiac muscle fibres arranged in spirals and loops  Separate systems for atria and ventricles  Cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) are specialised “excitable cells”
36
what is the difference between the walls of the atria and walls of the ventricles and why
 Atria smaller and thinner walls than ventricles  only have to pump blood into the adjoining ventricle  Ventricles pump blood  To the lungs (right ventricle)  Around the body (left ventricle)  Left ventricle thicker walled than the right ventricle
37
what are the two types of valves that separate the atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular Valves: * Tricuspid valve on right * Bicuspid valve on left Semilunar Valves: * Pulmonary Valve on right * Aortic valve on left
38
how does blood flow through the right side of the heart
Pulmonary circulation (heart-lungs)  R atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava  Blood passes through the right tricuspid valve into the right ventricle  Then passes through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery  Destination – lungs
39
how does blood flow through the right side of the heart
Systemic circulation (heart-body)  L atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins  Blood then passes through mitral valve into the L ventricle  Though the aortic valve into the aorta  Destination – the body
40
what is coronary circulation
 Oxygenated blood supply to the heart supplied by coronary arteries  Right and left coronary arteries arise from the base of the aorta  Coronary arteries are superficial – located in epicardium  Send branches deeper into the myocardium  Blood flow to the myocardium occurs when the heart is relaxed – during a contraction the blood vessels in the myocardium are compressed  Coronary veins return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium via the coronary sinus
41
what is systole
when the heart contracts
42
what is diastole
when the heart relaxes
43
what is the cardiac cycle
mechanical events which occur with the flow of blood through the heart in one heartbeat  Mechanical events are preceded by electrical activity
44
what happens during early diastole
 Whole heart relaxed  Pulmonary and aortic valves shut  AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral) open  Blood flowing passively from great veins through atria to ventricles
45
what happens during atrial systole
 Atria contract forcing blood into the ventricles  Atria then relax
46
what happens during ventricular systole (isovolumetric contraction)
 Ventricles contract  Increase ventricular pressure  AV valves now close  Aortic and pulmonary valves still closed – this contraction does not bring about any change in volume
47
what happens during ventricular systole (ventricular ejection)
 Ventricular pressure continues to rise  Aortic and pulmonary valves forced open  Blood rapidly ejected into the aorta (L) and pulmonary artery (R)  While the ventricles are in systole, atria are in diastole and filling with blood
48
what happens during ventricular diastole (isvolumetric relaxation)
 Ventricles relax and ventricular pressure drops  Blood in aorta and pulmonary artery starts to flow back towards heart = aortic and pulmonary valves shut
49
what are the specialised conduction fibres of the heart
 Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)  Atrioventricular node (AV node)  Atrioventricular bundle of His  Purkinje fibres  Contraction imitated at the SA node in the R atrium  Impulse spreads through both atria to the AV node  Passes to the bundle of His  Finally, to the Purkinje fibres
50
what is the function of the SA node
 Causes depolarisation and contraction of both atria (atrial systole)
51
what is the function of the AV node
 Slows impulse down  Allows time for atrial contraction and ventricular filling
52
what is the function of the Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibres
 Causes depolarisation and contraction of both ventricles (ventricular systole)
53
what is depolarization of the heart
 At rest, cardiac calls are considered polarised i.e. no electrical activity takes place  When an electrical impulse is generated it causes depolarisation which results in an action potential being created  Action potentials are related to ionic movement in the cell*  Depolarization with corresponding contraction of myocardial muscle moves as a wave through the heart  Repolarisation results in the return of the ions to their previous resting state – corresponds with relaxation of the myocardial muscle  Depolarization and repolarization are electrical activities which cause muscular activity in the heart
54
how does the autonomic nervous system regulate the heart
 Normal adult heart rate (HR) 50-100 beats per minute  ANS regulates the electrical conductivity of the heart  Adjusts HR in response to various stimuli  Increases HR by releasing catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline  Decreases HR by releasing acetylcholine
55
what is a normal adult blood pressure during systole and diastole
 Systolic / Diastolic  95-140 / 60-90 mmHg
56
what is blood pressure
 Pressure exerted by blood against the inner wall of an artery  BP = SV x HR x TPR
57
what is heart rate
beats per minute
58
what is stroke volume
volume of blood ejected from ventricles per contraction
59
what is cardiac output
volume of blood ejected from ventricles in 1 minute (SV x HR)
60
what is total peripheral resistance (TPR)
friction encountered by blood as it passes through a peripheral artery
61
how is blood pressure regulated
 BP regulated by baroreceptors located in pressure receptor zones:  High pressure zones e.g. aortic arch  Low pressure zones e.g. venae cava, atria, pulmonary veins  Baroreceptors send signals to the medulla (in brainstem) where autonomic nervous system stimulation leads to adjustments  Force of contraction  HR  Renal system – long term regulation of BP via altering blood volume
62
what are blood vessels made up of
 Arteries  Arterioles  Capillaries  Venules  Veins  Arteries carry blood away from the heart  They branch to as they form smaller and smaller divisions reaching their smallest divisions – arterioles  Capillaries have contact with tissue cells  Veins carry blood towards the heart  Venules (the smallest veins) join into successively larger vessels approaching the heart
63
which blood vessel is the right atrium supplied by
vena cava
64
what is the function of the right ventricle
pumps blood to pulmonary arteries
65
which blood vessel is the left atrium supplied by
pulmonary veins
66
what is the function of the left ventricle
pumps blood to aorta
67
what are the three layers of most blood vessels
 Tunica intima – inner layer, in contact with the blood  Tunica media – smooth muscle and elastin  Tunica externa/adventitia – outer layer made of collagen
68
what are the blood vessels involved in moving blood away from the heart
 Elastic arteries  Thick-walled elastic arteries near heart and aorta  Largest diameter 2.5cm – 1cm  Large lumens = low resistance  Blood flows continuously (not stop-start) because the walls expand and recoil as the heart ejects blood  Muscular arteries  Deliver blood to specific organs  Able to vasoconstrict as have more smooth muscle  Arterioles  Lumen <0.3mm  Blood flow to capillary bed determined by arteriolar diameter – which can change due to neural, hormonal and local chemical influences
69
what are the 2 types of capiliaries
 Metarteriole – thoroughfare channel connecting arteriole to venule (vascular shunt)  True capillaries – actual exchange vessels. 10-100 per capillary bed
70
what is capillary exchange
 Exchange between blood and surrounding tissues across the capillary walls:  Passive diffusion of substances down concentration gradients- nutrients, O2, CO2, metabolic wastes etc  Bulk Flow – where filtered blood plasma moves in and out of tissues via pressure and osmotic changes  Bulk flow plays an important role in regulating blood fluid volume  Any imbalance between the amount filtered and the amount reabsorbed is corrected by the lymphatic system
71
what are the 2 subdivisions of veins
 Venules:  Capillaries unite to form venules  Postcapilliary venules are porous (like capillaries) – fluid and white blood cells can move through their walls e.g. inflammation  Veins:  3 layers in their walls, but thinner walls and smaller lumens than arteries  Able to accommodate large volume of blood  Have valves (venous valves) to prevent back flow of blood – prevalent in the veins of the limbs
72
WEEK 2 pt 2
Cardiac Pathologies
73
what are the modifiable risk factors of cardiac disease
 Smoking  Unhealthy diet  Obesity  Physical inactivity  Hypertension  Associated conditions i.e diabetes  Dyslipidaemia  Social isolation  Depression  Stress
74
what are the non-modifiable risks of cardiac disease
 Age  Sex M>F  Family history  Poor socioeconomic status  Indigenous  Inflammation from diseases, such as arthritis, lupus or infections, or inflammation of unknown cause
75
what are the global risk factors of heart and circulatory disease
hypertension, dietary risks, high LDL cholesterol, air pollution, tobacco, diabetes, obesity, renal failure

PY1103 - Intro to Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy (11 decks)

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