week 2 pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

immaturity of organs puts neonates and infants at risk for what

A

elevated drug levels/more intense response

delayed elimination/ prolonged response

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2
Q

increased sensitivity in infants d/t immature state of what:

A
absorption
protein binding of drugs
blood-brain barrier
hepatic metabolism
renal drug excretion
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3
Q

neonates and infants gastric emptying time

A

prolonged and irregular

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4
Q

neonates and infants gastric emptying time reaches adult function by

A

6 to 8 months

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5
Q

gastric acidity birth

A

very low 24 hours after birth

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6
Q

gastric acidity reaches adult values

A

not until 2 years

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7
Q

low gastric acidity causes what

A

absorption of acid-labile drugs is increased

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8
Q

neonates and infants IM administration

A

Slow
Erratic
Delayed absorption as a result of low blood flow during the first few days of life
During early infancy, absorption of intramuscular drugs more rapid than in neonates and adults

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9
Q

neonates and infants transdermal absorption

A

More rapid and complete for infants than for older children and adults
Stratum corneum of infant’s skin is very thin
Blood flow to skin greater in infants than in older patients
Infants at increased risk of toxicity from topical drugs

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10
Q

neonates and infants protein binding

A

binding of drugs to albumin and other plasma proteins is limited in infant
amount of serum albumin is relatively low

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11
Q

adult protein binding capacity by

A

10 to 12 months of age

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12
Q

neonates and infants blood brain barrier

A

Not fully developed at birth
Drugs and other chemicals have relatively easy access to the central nervous system (CNS)
Infants especially sensitive to drugs that affect CNS function

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13
Q

neonates and infants- hepatic metabolism

A

drug metabolizing capacity of newborns is low

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14
Q

liver’s capacity to metabolize many drugs increases rapidly when

A

about 1 month after birth

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15
Q

liver’s ability to metabolize drugs at adult level is reached when

A

a few months after 1 month

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16
Q

complete liver maturation occurs when

A

by 1 year of age

17
Q

neonates and infants- renal excretion

A

significantly reduced at birth

low renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and active tubular secretion

18
Q

drugs elimated primarily by renal excretion

A

must be given in reduced dosage and/or at longer dosing intervals

19
Q

adult levels of renal function achieved when

A

by 1 year

20
Q

pharmacokinetics of children age 1 year and older

A

most pharmacokinetic parameters are similar to adults

21
Q

differences in how children 1 year and older vs adult metabolize drugs

A

markedly faster until age 2, then gradual decline
sharp decline at puberty
may need to increase dosage or decrease interval between doses

22
Q

growth suppression

A

caused by glucocorticoids

23
Q

discoloration of developing teeth

A

tetracyclines

24
Q

kernicterus

A

sulfonamides

25
Q

dosing based on what

A

most commonly- body surface area