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Individual Differences > week 2 personality - psychoanalysis > Flashcards

week 2 personality - psychoanalysis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the main reason for studying psychoanalytic theory

A

it features the theory of childhood sexuality

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2
Q

what are some criticisms about freud’s theory

A

universal not nomothetic

little evidence support

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3
Q

what are the levels of consciousness freud argued

A

conscious thought

preconscious mind

unconscious mind

repression

manifest content of dreams

latent content of dreams

primary process thinking

the pleasure principle

secondary process thinking

the reality principle

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4
Q

what did freud argue to unconscious mind holds?

A

full of unacceptable instinctual content - sexual and aggressive that we are motivated to repress from awareness

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5
Q

what did freud argue repression was

A

more automatic and less conscious process than unconscious suppression

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6
Q

what did freud say the function of dreams are

A

to protect sleep

the manifest content of the dream could be interpreted by the psychoanalyst to reveal the latent content of the unconscious

the manifest content hides the latent content through defensive devices eg symbolization eg a penis may be a pen

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7
Q

what represents primary process thinking

A

the unconscious and dream narrative

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8
Q

how can we describe the primary process thinking and what is it driven by

A

illogical and disorganised

driven by the pleasure principle

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9
Q

what represents the secondary processing thinking

A

reality principle - states daydreaming are a mixture of both types of thinking

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10
Q

how can we describe the secondary processing thinking

A

logical and organized

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11
Q

what is the key motivational construct in psychoanalytic thinking

A

libido or sexual energy

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12
Q

what did freud think about libido

A
  • assumed libido was active at all life stages even kids
  • libido exists alongside other life-preserving drives eg hunger and pain
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13
Q

what does the ID seek

A

UNCONSCIOUS

primary process thinking

biological component

instant gratification like a baby (pleasure principle)

all libidio is in the ID in babies - always unconscious

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14
Q

what does the EGO seek

A

REALITY, TESTING

secondary process thinking

Psychological component

delay gratification

as we grow, libido flows to the ego (partly becomes conscious)

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15
Q

what does the SUPEREGO seek

A

assists the ego

social component

partly conscious and unconscious

internalizing what our parents tell us we should be doing because we don’t realize our parental directives are really the source of our unconscious

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16
Q

what happens when the 3 parts of the mind come into conflict

A

creates anxiety or other mental disturbances

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17
Q

list the psychosexual stages of child development

A

oral stage (birth to 1 year)

anal stage (18months to 3 years)

phallic stage (3-5)

latency (5-12)

genital stage (12-18+)

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18
Q

describe the original psychosexual stage/stage 0

A

the infant is polymorphously perverse - gets pleasure from any body part being stimulated

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19
Q

what does each stage of the psychosexual stages represent

A

the focus on libido on different areas of the body

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20
Q

what happens if each stage of the psychosexual stages is not successfully completed

A

individual becomes fixated and later affects personality in adulthood

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21
Q

describe the oral stage

A

erogenous zone = mouth

completion demonstrated by weaning and eating independently

oral fixation = smoking (oral receptive character), biting nails, sarcastic, critical (oral aggressive character)

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22
Q

describe the anal stage

A

erogenous zone = whether to withhold or expel faeces

completion marked by potty training

anally retentive = tidy, stubborn, obsessive, perfectionist

anally explosive = generous but disorganized, messy, thoughtless

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23
Q

describe the phallic stage

A

erogenous zone = genitals

child develops gender identity through oedipus complex
- boys have unconscious sexual feelings for mothers resolving fear of father by identifying with him
- castration anxiety so repress love for mum and identity with dad
- substituting desire for mother with other women
- girls develop penis envy ; they notice they don’t have ‘phallus’ and Electra complex

phallic personality = narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual

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24
Q

describe the latency stage

A

leads to children unable to remember much of their early years

sexual desires repressed

kids identify with members of their own gender

child must derive pleasure from external activities eg hobbies

conflict and issues repressed

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25
describe the genital stage
sexual desires become conscious alongside onset of puberty sexuality develops and libido cathects consequence of unresolved conflict = difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
26
what is the theory behind defense mechanisms
the ego has to be protected from knowledge o the uncivilized, sexual and aggressive id and from anxiety
27
list the 12 defense mechanisms
repression, denial, projection, reaction, rationalisation, conversation, phobic avoidance, displacement, regression, isolation/intellectualization, undoing and sublimation
28
describe repression as a form of defense mechanism
its like conscious suppression but the motivation is unconscious. challenges are too hard to face and are automatically dealt with the mind
29
describe denial as a form of defense mechanism
refusing the face reality. but its usually something very obvious to other people rather than a mental issue
30
describe projection as a form of defense mechanism
taking bad feelings instead o admitting we have them, and attributing them to someone else to let them take the blame
31
describe reaction formation as a form of defense mechanism
when you go to behavioural extremes to hide something from yourself eg you're gay but you're unable to accept it so you join a religion to reassure yourself you're not gay
32
describe rationalisation as a form of defense mechanism
when you make a judgment or decision first and then come up for reasons for it after
33
describe conversation as a form of defense mechanism
when a psychological disorder is converted to a physical one
34
describe phobic avoidance as a form of defense mechanism
when normal fears become exaggerated
35
describe displacement as a form of defense mechanism
displacing feelings onto someone or something else
36
describe regression as a form of defense mechanism
where people who can't deal with the responsibility of being an adult regress back to an earlier stage of development eg after trauma sucking thumb
37
describe isolation/intellectualization as a form of defense mechanism
an idea is too disturbing to face realistically so one talks about it abstractly eg if someone is having trouble with sex, they become a psychoanalyst to talk about it
38
describe undoing as a form of defense mechanism
where one performs a "magical" ritual that helps eg touch wood
39
describe sublimation as a form of defense mechanism
where an unacceptable instinctual desire is turned into an acceptable one which Is like it but not exactly. eg a man who paints naked women because of the sure to have sex with naked women considered one of the healthiest mechanisms as bad impulses are converted into something creative or productive
40
what are 4 clinical applications of freudian theory
catharsis, abreaction, transference, counter-transference
41
what is catharsis
remembering the original cause of trauma
42
describe Anna O's experience of hysteria which lead to the paper studies in hysteria (1895)
Catharsis led to abreaction (a type of emotional release) that offered symptomatic relief Negative emotions caused by traumas were initially too difficult to do it so they were repressed. This repression started medical symptoms of a complex condition called hysteria. But by emotionally venting the repression was reversed and so were symptoms
43
describe free association as a methodology to get unconscious material in patients
the therapist makes an interpretation based on what material they come up with and if they are showing resistance makes people aware of unconscious conflicts
44
what is transference
the patient may project libidinous feelings from childhood onto the therapist
45
briefly evaluate freud theory
- grand theory - very comprehensive - not parsimonious - not easy to translate into testable hypothesis - has heuristic value
46
name 3 Neo-freudians
Adler, Jung and Horney
47
describe Adler's individual psychology
- he focused on the whole person anticipating the humanistic perspective - stressed social context - focus on inferiority began from observations from biology or inferior organs - noticed how people compensate - if we fail to get over our initial feelings of inferiority, we develop a complex about it, we may become neurotic or overcompensate by acting superior - he believed our goals matter and style of life/mindset matters a lot - does agree "childhood is destiny" - our parents determine styles of life - also believed family dynamics due to birth order play a crucial developmental role
48
what did Adler say about eldest children?
centre of attention but with birth of sibling they may become "dethroned monarch". child understands important of power and authority adult characteristics are conservative, support authority and excel in intellectual activities
49
what did Adler say about second children
view elder child as competition development dependent on treatment by eldest adult characteristics = demanding of themselves, settle unrealistic goals to ensure own failure as they then did not upset older sibling
50
what did Adler say about youngest children
remains baby of the family, getting most attention adult characteristics = high dependency needs, create need to excel and need for praise
51
what did Adler say about only children
likely to be pampered esp by mother adult characteristics = high need for approval, great difficulty handling criticism and dislike, high achievers
52
what did Adler say about a neurotic personality
can result if perceived inferiorities are not compensated for but serve as excuses, or if the child is neglected has vulnerable self-esteem (too high or low) lack mature social interest
53
what are the 4 personality types according to Adler?
1. ruling type 2. avoiding type 3. getting type 4. social useful type
54
describe the ruling type personality
- lacks social interest and courage is typified by intense striving for personal superiority and power - typically exploit others to accomplish goals; emotionally manipulating - eg drug addicts or juvenile delinquents but also domineering and successful individuals as they exploit others and don't give credit where due overall = narcissistic, power-hungry and aggressive (high-status)
55
describe the avoiding type personality
-lack confidence to solve problems; pretends doesn't exist overall = low self-esteem, denial and evasion (low-status)
56
describe the getting type personality
-little effort to sort problem or will use charm to get others to do things for them overall = parasitic, passive, lack autonomy
57
describe the social useful type personality
healthy option - faces life confidently and prepared to co-operate with others
58
describe alders therapy approach
goal-orientated rather than focusing on unconscious causes ask for earlier childhood recollection which is indicative of lifestyle, then enquire into birth order position, and then the history of childhood disorder (traceable to inferiority complex) then dreams and current problems
59
evaluate alders individual psychology theory
- more testable - genetic sources of neurosis may be ironically underemphasized - parismonious - heuristic - more research on birth order - foreshadow modern research on self esteem and status
60
what did carl Jung say about libido
it wasn't sexual, it was a creative life-force
61
what did carl Jung say abut the mind
its a complex structure, with a balance of forces the principles of opposites was that this energy comes out of a tension between different parts of the mind individuation - integrate the psyche into a balanced whole (teleological and goal orientated)
62
what is the principle of equivalence according to carl Jung
one part of the psyche came at the expense of activity in another part eg if you expend energy being extroverted, you have less energy to spend being introverted
63
what is the principle of entropy according to carl jung
there is a drive towards equivalent energy expenditure in different domains to avoid imbalance
64
how did Jung describe the structure of the mind
There is the conscious ego and the personal unconscious. However, the personal unconscious is not only populated by uncivilized sexual and aggressive instincts. It is also a repository of positive inclinations. also in different mythologies common themes emerge suggesting our mind tap into a shared collective substratum of archetypes eg person, shadow, anima, animus and self
65
what is the persona archetype
the face we show to the world helps disguise inner feelings and respond appropriately to others
66
what is the shadow archetype
dark side of personality similar to ID consists of unconscious evil
67
what is the anima archetype
feminine part of the male soul eg sensitivity, irrationality, vanity and moodiness derived from a mans experience of women throughout evolution and experience o mother
68
what is the animus archetype
male part of the female soul eg reason, logical and social insensitivity
69
what is the self archetype
the archetype we strive to become we reach it through a process of individuation = creating a balance within psych and coming to accept oneself as one really is
70
what was carl Jungs approach to treatment
neurosis was the result of one-sided development so balance restoration needed also used dream but through method of amplification (unpack meaning of symbols) 4 stages of therapy = confession, elucidation, education and transformation
71
evaluate jungs theory
idiosyncratic - uses a lot of myths archetypes very hard to demonstrate and test but dreams are testable not that parsimonious good heuristic value
72
what did Horney say neurosis stemmed from
not successfully processing perverse instinctual drives poor or inconsistent parenting leading to basic anxiety in child and then develops defensive attitudes children become alienated from true self and create idealized selves to compensate
73
what did Horney emphasise
family, society and culture
74
what defense mechanisms did Horney add?
blind spots = denial compartmentalization = double-think rationalization = excuses after the fact excessive self-control = superego too active arbitrary rightness = just assume they are right elusiveness = can pin them down cynicism = don't build up hopes
75
what did Horney call the process of using defense mechanisms
externalisaiton
76
describe horneys compliant personality type
- desperately need other people, submissive and devalue own abilities people style - moving towards people
76
describe horneys aggressive personality type
- need power, social recognition and admiration - believe others are hostile and untrustworthy people style = moving against people
77
describe horneys healthy personality type
adopts all 3 personality styles but they complement each other
78
what is horneys critique of penis envy
women don't want a literal male phallus, but want opportunity to symbolize it (power) also suggested some men envy capacity to bear children - womb envy

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