Week 2 - Respiratory System Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
What is included in the Upper Respiratory Tract?
A
- Nasal Cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
2
Q
What is included in the lower Respiratory Tract?
A
- Left and Right Lung
- Left and Right Bronchus
- Bronchiole
- Alveoli
- Diaphragm
3
Q
Define Ventilation
A
Physical action of breathing
4
Q
Define Inspiration
A
Air rushes into the lungs as the chest size increases
5
Q
Define Expiration
A
Air is expelled out of the lungs as the chest recoils
6
Q
Define Diffusion
A
Passive movement of gases from high concentration to low
7
Q
Define Perfusion
A
Movement of blood to and from the lungs and the delivery of oxygen around the body
8
Q
What is the General Approach to a
Respiratory Assessment
A
- Primary assessment (rule out life threats)
- Gather equipment and hand hygiene
- Greet the patient and gain consent
- Ensure room temperature is comfortable and quiet
- Lighting
- Removal of clothing, provide privacy
- Patient positioning: Upright sitting position (semifowlers)
- Collection of subjective and objective data
- Visualise the underlying respiratory structures
- Compare the right and the left sides
- Systematic approach (HIPPA)
9
Q
What is Hypoxia
A
Occurs when there is inadequate tissue oxygenation, anything below 90% is considered hypoxic.
10
Q
What is the Signs and Symptoms of Hypoxia
A
- Restless (early)
- Dizziness
- Tachypnoea / dyspnoea
- Unable to speak in full sentences
- Use of accessory muscles
11
Q
What is the management of Hypoxia
A
- Assessment
- Establishment of airway and breathing
- Positioning
- Oxygen therapy
- Find and reverse the cause
- MDI/Nebulisers
- Environmental changes
- Chest physio, deep breathing /coughing and incentive spirometry
- Hydration
- Reassurance
12
Q
What is Croup
A
- Upper airway involvement /obstruction
- Common in Paediatrics
- Narrowing of the upper airway
- Stridor/hoarse/barking cough or voice
13
Q
How to treat Croup
A
Treat with Steroids
14
Q
Define Asthma
A
- Asthma is a common inflammatory disease of the lower airways (chronic)
- Present in all age groups/ human life spans
15
Q
What happens to the membranes during Asthma
A
- Mucous membrane and muscle layers of the bronchi become thickened leading to the enlargement of mucous glands
- Reducing airflow to the lower respiratory tract (inflammation and muscle tightening of the
airways)
16
Q
What are Signs and Symptoms of Asthma
A
- Chest pain or tightness
- Cough, shortness of breath, wheezing
- Fever, sweating, chills
- Fatigue, confusion or other changes in
mental awareness (especially >65yrs) - Nausea and vomiting
17
Q
What does the Inflammatory process cause in Asthma?
A
- Vascular congestion
- Oedema
- Production of thick mucus
- Bronchial muscle spasm
- Thickening of airway walls and increased bronchial hyper-responsiveness
18
Q
What is the Management of Asthma
A
Treat with bronchodilators
19
Q
Define Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
A
Characterised by:
- Emphysema - damage to the lungs over time
– Chronic bronchitis - long-term mucous accumulation
20
Q
What is the Modifiable Risk Factor
A
- Smoking
- Smoking is the main cause of COPD
21
Q
What are Signs and Symptoms of COPD
A
- Cough
- Fatigue
- Recurrent RTI
- SOB
- Difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
22
Q
Define Pneumonia
A
- Infection of the lungs causing inflammation and fluid accumulation of the alveoli
- Can be classified according to the causative organism:
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Mycoplasma
- Fungi
- Parasites
- Chemicals
23
Q
What are the different clinical classification of Pneumonia
A
- Community-acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
- Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP)
- Medical-care-associated (MCAP)
- Ventilator-associated (VAP)
- Healthcare-associated (HCAP)
24
Q
What is Hospital-Acuired Pneumonia
A
- HAP- occurs >48hrs post-admission, due to immobility,
Post-op aspiration or aspiration - Common causative organism- Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria
25
What is the Acute Intervention for Pneumonia
- Prompt initiation of antibiotics
- Oxygen therapy
- Hydration
- Nutritional support
- Breathing exercises/physio
- Early ambulation/repositioning
- Pain management
26
What is the expected outcome after nursing management
- Effective respiratory rate, rhythm, and depth of respirations
- Lungs clear to auscultation
- Reports pain under control
- SpO2 ≥ 95
- Free of adventitious breath sounds
- Clear sputum from the airway
27
Define Atelectasis
- Common cause of hypoxia
- Deflation of alveoli causing a reduction in oxygenation
- Collapsed, airless alveoli causing a partial or complete collapsed lung
- Obstruction of the small airways with
secretions
28
What is Pulmonary Oedema
- Excessive fluid in the lungs
- Collection of fluid in the alveoli
- Difficulty breathing
- Reduced gas exchange (oxygenation and r/o CO2)
29
What are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Oedema
- Dizziness
- Weakness/fatigue
- Cyanosis
- SOB
- Difficulty breathing
30
Nursing management of Pulmonary Oedema
- Assessment
- Positioning
- Treatment of the cause (diuretics to clear the excess fluid)
- Oxygen +/- NIV (CPAP)
- Monitor
31
Define Pulmonary Embolism
- Blockage of pulmonary arteries by
thrombus, fat or air embolus, or
tumour tissue
- Usually from a thrombus that
breaks off becoming an embolus
and enters the pulmonary circulation
- Obstructs alveolar perfusion
32
What are the risk factor of Pulmonary Embolism
More than 90% of pulmonary emboli arise from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the deep veins of the legs
33
What is the Nursing Management of Pulmonary Embolism
- Primary assessment (rule out life threats)
- Semi-Fowler’s position to facilitate breathing
- Oxygen therapy
- IV access
- Frequent observations and monitoring
- Monitor laboratory/pathology results
- Implement DVT measures
- Emotional support and reassurance
- Patient education and management /follow-up care
34
What is the expected outcome from the Nursing Management of Pulmonary Embolism
Adequate:
- tissue perfusion
- respiratory function
- gas exchange
- cardiac output
- Increased level of comfort
- No recurrence of PE (preventative measures)
35
What is Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is air leaking into the
pleural space resulting in a partial or
complete lung collapse
- Normally, negative pressure exists between the visceral pleura (surrounding the lung) and the parietal pleura (lining the thoracic cavity) this allows the lung to be filled by chest wall
expansion
36
What is the different types of Pneumothorax
- Spontaneous
- Traumatic (open/closed)
- Tension (pressure on great vessels)
37
Define Asbestosis
- (asbestos exposure)
- Chronic lung disease caused from exposure of asbestos dust
38
Define Silicosis
- (silica exposure)
- Lung capacity to oxygenation is reduced from exposure of silica
dust
39
What is Spirometry
The most common type of breathing assessment that measures pulmonary function on inspiration and expiration
