Week 2 Tues

Question 1

What are the benefits of Vitamin A?

Answer 1

immune system health, vision, growth

Question 2

What happened in 2013 concerning Vitamin A?

Answer 2

the world health organization classified vitamin A as a public health problem

Question 3

How are vitamin A supplements made?

Answer 3

by extracting from plants and fungi that naturally produce it, or by chemical synthesis

Question 4

What is the alternative of harvesting vitamin A from pants/fungi?

Answer 4

growing microorganisms that produce vitamin A in bioreactors

Question 5

In the Vitamin A chemical reaction pathway, what is required at each step?

Answer 5

an enzyme

Question 6

How do we produce enzymes?

Answer 6

transcription-translation

Question 7

Proteins are encoded by sequences of DNA called ___

Answer 7

genes

Question 8

What is DNA composed of?

Answer 8

nucleotides that bond together to form “base pairs”

Question 9

What is an organisms genome?

Answer 9

the complete set of DNA that determines its traits

Question 10

Genomes are organized into ____.

Answer 10

chromosomes

Question 11

Genes are stretches of DNA that provide the cell with instructions to produce ____.

Answer 11

RNA

Question 12

A “coding” gene will yield ____ that will then produce a protein.

Answer 12

messenger RNA

Question 13

What make sup the backbone of RNA?

Answer 13

ribose sugar

Question 14

How does RNA polymerase know where to start and end transcription?

Answer 14

Promoter and terminator sequence

Question 15

What are the three DNA parts transcription requires?

Answer 15

promoter, gene, terminator

Question 16

What is the function of ribosome protein?

Answer 16

translates mRNA code into amino acids that are strung together to form proteins

Question 17

What are codons?

Answer 17

3-nucleotide regions

Question 18

Once paired, TRNA delivers its amino acid to the _____.

Answer 18

peptide chain

Question 19

Ribosomes can make up ___ different amino acids.

Answer 19

20

Question 20

Why are fluorescent proteins widely used in biotechnology research?

Answer 20

their easy readout

Question 21

Is a large range in expression achieved when swapping promoters or terminators?

Answer 21

Promoters

Question 22

Why do we deliver DNA instead of protein?

Answer 22

because DNA cant replicate

Question 23

How are genes delivered into the cell?

Answer 23

Plasmids

Question 24

What are plasmids?

Answer 24

circular DNA segments that can replicate in cells

Question 25

What is the function of the origin of replication?

Answer 25

informs the cell where to start and how much plasmid to make

Question 26

What is the function of selection markers?

Answer 26

ensure cells are maintaining plasmids

Question 27

Where do plasmids naturally exist?

Answer 27

microbes

Question 28

What kind of advantage do plasmids provide?

Answer 28

selective advantage

Question 29

What is vitamin A

Answer 29

Fat-soluble vitamin

Question 30

What are the four nucleotides RNA uses?

Answer 30

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and uses Uracil instead of Thymine

Question 31

What is the function of the enzyme RNA polymerase?

Answer 31

converts double-stranded DNA into single-stranded mRNA

Question 32

What is transcription?

Answer 32

The conversion of double-stranded DNA into single-stranded mRNA

Question 33

What does RNA polymerase require to bind DNA and begin transcription?

Answer 33

promoter sequence

Question 34

What does the terminator sequence do?

Answer 34

releases RNA polymerase and the mRNA strand

Question 35

Where is the terminator sequence located?

Answer 35

downstream

Question 36

Ribosome binding sites are typically encoded within ____.

Answer 36

promoters

Question 37

How do ribosomes know where to start and end translation?

Answer 37

a start and stop codon

Question 38

What kind of codes do amino acids have?

Answer 38

one-letter codes

Question 39

True/False: All DNA parts are created equally.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

Why are cells equipped with promoters and terminators?

Answer 40

for versatile protein production