Week 2: Types of Crime Flashcards
(39 cards)
What are the six categories of crime in Uniform Crime Reporting?
- Violent Crimes
2: Property Crimes - Other criminal code offenses
- Criminal code traffic violations
- Drug offenses
- Other federal statute violations (e.g. YCJA or Immigraiton and Refugee protection act)
Name at least 5 types of violent crime.
Homicide, violations causing death, attempted murder, assault, sexual assault,
robbery, use of firearms, forcible confinement/kidnapping, trafficking in persons, extortion,
criminal harassment, uttering threats, indecent or harassing communications, non-consensual distribution of intimate objects, commodification of sexual activity.
Define Homicide.
Homicide: when a person directly or indirectly causes the death of a human being.
What is the difference between culpable and non-culpable homicide?
Culpable homicide is when the person should not have died and an someone is responsible for their death. For example, first degree murder is culpable homicide.
Non-Culpable homicide is also called justifiable homicide. It is when the person responsible for their death is not criminally accountable. For example, police killing in the line of duty, or someone killing in self-defense.
Define Murder including the three main types.
Murder: when a person intentionally causes the death of another person or intends to cause bodily harm likely to result in death.
First Degree Murder: culpable homicide that is planned and deliberate OR the killing of a police or corrections officer OR murder that occurs during another serious offense (e.g. sexual assault).
Second Degree Murder: Culpable homicide that is intentional and unlawful but not planned
Manslaughter: culpable homicide that is unintentional and unplanned. For example murders committed in response to sudden provocation, due to impaired judgement, or recklessness/carelessness.
What is the difference between Serial Murder and Mass Murder?
Serial Murder is Culpable homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate events.
Mass Murder is the illegal killing of four or more people at one location within one event. When mass murder is politically motivated it is called a terrorist attack.
What is Infanticide?
Infanticide is when a women is considered “disturbed” from birth and she causes the death of her newborn (age 0-1). For example, a women suffering severe post-partum depression who kills her newborn.
Define sexual assault.
Sexual assault is an assault committed in the circumstances of a sexual nature such that it violates the sexual integrity of the victim (survivor). Victims and perpetrators can be any gender. Penetration is not a required criteria.
What are the three levels of sexual assault?
Level 1: assault that violates the sexual integrity of the person
Level 2: sexual assault that involves a weapon, bodily harm, or threats to cause bodily harm.
Level 3: aggravated sexual assault; assault that wounds, maims, disfigures, or endangers the life of another person.
What is the most commonly reported type of sexual assault and what are two factors that have affected reporting rates?
Level 1 is the most commonly reported type.
An estimated only 5% of sexual assault gets reported to the police (and an even more dismal percentage of these actually go to court and lead to a conviction…) But two things that have positively affected reporting rates are:
-Changes in the definition of sexual assault (e.g. removing the criteria of penetration, adding marital rape) and
- Changes in police handling (putting policies in place to reduce victim blaming)
What is criminal harassment?
Commonly called stalking. Is the repeated following, watching, or communicating with a person or someone known to the person that causes the person to fear for their safety or the safety of someone they know.
Criminal harassment includes cyber bullying, cyber stalking, and online harassment.
Why is criminal harassment classified as a violent crime?
criminal harassment often escalates to violence, especially sexual assault. Like sexual violence, women are most often the victims of criminal harassment.
What is Robbery and why is it classified as a violent crime?
Robbery: the unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of anther by threatened or actual use of force or violence.
Is considered a violent crime because it is committed in the presence of the victim and involves force or threats of violence.
Define assault and distinguish between the three levels.
Assault is the intentional or threatened application of force on a person without consent. It has three levels.
Level 1: Assault or common assault; this includes hitting, punching, use of hands or limbs etc. Can also involve threats by act or gesture (e.g. hitting the wall, breaking things aggressively.)
Level 2: Assault that involves the use of a weapon or that causes bodily harm.
Level 3: Assault that maims, wounds, disfigures, or endangers the life of the victim (survivor).
Define hate crime.
Hate Crimes are criminal act towards a person or a group because of race, natural or ethnic origin, religion, language, colour, sex, age, sexual orientation, or mental/physical disability. Hate crimes often advocate for genocide, involve some sort of public incitement of hatred, and willfully promote hatred towards a specific group.
What is the most common form of hate crime?
Mischief in the form of vandalism is the most common. Minor assault is the second most common.
Who is responsible for a majority of violent crimes.
Men commit about 90% of all violent crimes in Canada.
What is property crime?
Property crime is unlawful acts perpetrated with the intent of gaining property but without the use of threats or violence.
What is breaking and entering? What are the different types?
Breaking and Entering is the unlawful entry of a a place with the intent to commit an indictable offense.
Types:
- Residential B&E: breaking and entering a private residence
- Business B&E: breaking and entering a commercial building
- Other B&E: breaking and entering private property structures such as sheds or shops
Define Theft. How is theft severity categorized?
Theft is dishonestly taking someone else’s property with the intention of depriving the original owner permanently or temporarily. This includes motor vehicle theft.
Theft severity is categorized based on the value of the stolen property. Specifically it goes into the category of theft over and theft under where theft over involves theft of property over 5000$ and theft under involves the theft of property under 5000$
Define Identity theft and identity fraud. What is the difference between the two?
Identity Theft is knowingly obtaining or possessing another person’s identity information with the intent to use the information to commit an indictable offense.
Identity Fraud is fraudulently impersonating another person, living or dead with the intent to gain personal advantage or with the intent to disadvantage the person being impersonated.
Identity fraud is very specifically involves impersonating the person who’s identity has been stolen. You can commit identity theft without committing fraud (e.g. selling identity information to people intending to commit fraud.)
What kind of crimes are connected to identity crimes?
Identity crimes are connected to many other types of crime. For example, credit card fraud, mortgage fraud, money laundering etc.
What is the most common crime committed by women? What is an explanation for this?
Women are most likely to commit theft under crimes. One explanation for this is the feminization of poverty where women are more likely to experience poverty and more likely to experience more severe poverty than any other demographic.
What is White Collar Crime?
White collar crime is a crime committed by a person, usually of higher social status, in the course of their occupation.
