week 2 - urinary regulation

Question 1

micturition

Answer 1

Micturition is the process of urinating, where the bladder empties urine through the urethra and out of the body. It happens when the bladder fills up, sends signals to the brain, and the muscles relax to let urine flow out.

Question 2

ADH

Answer 2

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone), also called vasopressin, is a hormone that helps your body save water. It tells your kidneys to reabsorb more water, making your urine more concentrated and keeping you hydrated.

Question 3

renin

Answer 3

Renin is an enzyme released by the kidneys when your blood pressure is low. It helps start a chain reaction that increases blood pressure and keeps your body’s fluid and salt levels balanced.

Question 4

angiotensin II

Answer 4

Angiotensin II is a hormone that helps raise blood pressure when it gets too low. It does this by narrowing blood vessels, making the heart pump harder, and telling the kidneys to keep more water and salt.

Question 5

aldosterone

Answer 5

Aldosterone is a hormone that helps control blood pressure by telling the kidneys to keep more salt and water while getting rid of potassium. This increases blood volume and helps maintain balance in the body.

Question 6

diuretic

Answer 6

A diuretic is a medicine or substance that helps your body get rid of extra water and salt by making you urinate more. It’s often used to lower blood pressure and reduce swelling.

Question 7

osmotic diuretics

Answer 7

Osmotic diuretics are a type of medicine that helps the body get rid of extra water by inhibiting water reabsorption by pulling it into the kidneys, making you urinate more. They work by increasing the amount of particles in the urine, which draws water out of the body. targets Na+/Glc symporter

Question 8

thiazide type drugs

Answer 8

Thiazide-type drugs are a kind of diuretic that help lower blood pressure by making the kidneys remove extra salt and water from the body through urine. They are commonly used to treat high blood pressure and reduce swelling. decreases facultative water reabsorption, occurs in distal convuluted tubule

Question 9

loop diuretics

Answer 9

Loop diuretics help your body get rid of extra salt and water by making you urinate more. They work in the loop of Henle and target the triple symporter, and are often used to treat swelling and high blood pressure. decreases facultative water reabsorption.

Question 10

potassium sparing diuretics

Answer 10

Potassium-sparing diuretics help your body get rid of extra water and salt while keeping potassium. they shut down the potassium leak channel which inhibits the Na/K pump and causes water to stay in urine. decreases facultative water reabsorption

Question 11

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 11

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a hormone made by the parathyroid glands that helps control calcium levels in the blood. It increases calcium by pulling it from bones, absorbing more from food, and keeping it from leaving through urine.

Question 12

hypotonic hydration

Answer 12

Hypotonic hydration happens when you drink too much water, causing the amount of water in your body to become too high compared to salt levels. This makes cells swell, which can lead to health problems like headaches, nausea, or even more serious issues (such as cells bursting) if not treated.

Question 13

acid

Answer 13

An acid is a substance that tastes sour and can release hydrogen ions (H⁺) when mixed with water. It has a pH below 7 and can be found in things like lemon juice and vinegar.

Question 14

base

Answer 14

A base is a substance that feels slippery, tastes bitter, and can accept hydrogen ions (H⁺) or release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water. It has a pH above 7 and can be found in things like baking soda and soap.

Question 15

buffer

Answer 15

A buffer is a substance that helps keep the pH of a solution stable by preventing it from becoming too acidic or too basic. It works by either absorbing extra hydrogen ions (H⁺) or releasing them when needed.

Question 16

facultative water reabsorption

Answer 16

Facultative water reabsorption is the process where the body controls how much water the kidneys reabsorb based on the body’s needs. This process is regulated by the hormone ADH, which increases water reabsorption when the body is dehydrated.

Question 17

obligatory water reabsorption

Answer 17

Obligatory water reabsorption is the process where water is automatically reabsorbed by the kidneys along with dissolved substances, like sodium, without hormonal control. It happens mostly in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron.

Question 18

aquaporins

Answer 18

Aquaporins are special protein channels found in cell membranes that allow water to pass in and out of cells quickly. They help regulate water balance in the body, especially in the kidneys.