Week 22 Flashcards

Question

When was the Recognition of impact from habitat loss and fragmentation, overharvesting, introduced predators and competitors, and the indirect effects of these threats.?

Answer 1

Historically: Very utilitarian conservation ethic Now: Amendable to resource use in sustainable ways Conservation prioritises human development; e.g. Nature based solutions; Nature’s contribution to people

Answer 2

Historically: Linked to the transcendental movement Now: Attempts to maintain remaining areas “untouched” by humans. Relatively “hands off” approach Focuses on the intrinsic values of nature

Answer 3

Instrumental values Ecological values Intrinsic ((non-use) values Uniqueness values

Answer 4

Cultural value Recreational value Spiritual value Transformational value, Ecosystem services value

Answer 5

Utilitarian uses Practical values Food Medicine Bioprospectors Ecotourism

Answer 6

Natural communities are finely-tuned systems, where each species has an ecological value to the other species that are part of that ecosystem. Species diversity increases an ecosystem's stability and resilience, in particular its ability to adapt and respond to changing environmental conditions

Answer 7

Ecological uniqueness is a criterion recently proposed to single out sites that have a distinct species composition, and that thereby have a high contribution to beta diversity Unique sites have a complementary species composition by definition, protecting them may help prevent biotic homogenization

Answer 8

Although habitats contain a multitude of species within them, conservation approaches often focus on one key charismatic species. The success of conservation is dependent on money, not necessarily value. So companies target audiences by protecting a specific species, but protecting an umbrella of others with the money gained. As they have to conserve the whole habitat to conserve a single species.

Answer 9

1. Protect habitat in every biome and ecoregion 2. Protect as much habitat as possible, including smaller and larger patches 3. Protect habitat to facilitate connectivity

Answer 10

Hay meadows support thousands of insect and bird species that have been in decline for 50 years. For example: concrakes nest in meadows and hay fields Conservation approach to postpone mowing of fields until after breeding In 2023, 870 calling males of these shy, rare birds were recorded by the RSPB in Scotland – up from 828 the previous year, and their first rise in numbers in five years.

Answer 11

~1.5million

Answer 12

bacteria (approximately 70–90% of species), estimates there are likely to be at least 1 to 6 billion species on Earth

Answer 13

Based on how many species we have identified, and the rate at which these species have been found.

Answer 14

There are currently between 10,906 and 11,189 named species. The rate of discovery is declining, even amongst the worlds top birders. Likely estimates place the total diversity of birds at ~12,000.

Answer 15

Terrestrial diversity is declining rapidly Conservation efforts to date have had minimal impact on these losses. Evidence is lacking with regards to whether any biodiversity targets can be achieved. Currently, ecologists aim to level off biodiversity loss, and then try to prevent extinction from our worlds species

Answer 16

900 species. Is this a sixth mass extinction event, occurring globally, affecting every single organism?

Answer 17

Habitat loss & fragmentation Over-exploitation Invasive species Pollution Climate Change

Answer 18

Economic factors Cultural factors Policy/institutional factors Demographic factors

Answer 19

Loss of total area of habitat Decreased patch size Increased patch isolation Increased edge effects

Answer 20

Large fragments contain a higher variety of habitats. Large fragments contain both common and rare species. Large fragments have larger populations, less likely to go extinct. Isolated fragments are less likely to be colonised if a species is lost.

Answer 21

Timber extraction and conservation to pasture grazing

Answer 22

1950 and 2000: 9.1% of species driven to extinction by deforestation 43% of Madagascar's endemic forest dwelling Helictopleurini dung beetles are “effectively extinct” due to regional forest loss since 1953 - Increased disease - Less fertile soil

Answer 23

Total species: 200,000 (75% endemics) Critically Endangered: 37 Endangered: 88 Vulnerable: 137

Answer 24

Biodiversity estimates may put bird species at ~12,000. But a global extinction rate of 0.63% per year would mean by 2025 there will only be 11,924. By 2030.. 11,553 By 2053.. 9990 species left and Peter’s achievement wont be possible!

Week 22 Flashcards

(49 cards)