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Bio 23 Labs > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mendelian genetics

A

Help us discern and predict patterns of inheritance within a family line.

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2
Q

Johann Friedrich Miescher

A

Coined the term nuclein, now called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the repository for genes.

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3
Q

By 1900, compounds of DNA were known as

A

Sugar, phosphate groups, nitrogenous bases.

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4
Q

When was the overall structure of DNA was learned?

A

1953

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5
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Long, thread-like molecules with uniform diameter but varied length.

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6
Q

How many DNA molecules are in the nucleus of most human cells?

A

46 DNA molecules (chromosomes)

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7
Q

How long is an average human DNA molecule?

A

About 2in long

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8
Q

A single nucleotide consists of.

A

One sugar- Deoxyribose, One phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

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9
Q

What are the names of nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine (A), Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T)

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10
Q

What pairs with Adenine (A)

A

Thymine (T)

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11
Q

What pairs with Guanine (G)

A

Cytosine (C)

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12
Q

A double helix of DNA is shaped like what?

A

A spiral staircase

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13
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are shared between ( A-T)

A

Two hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are shared between (C-G)

A

Three hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

The law of complementary base pairing

A

The base sequence on one strand of DNA determines the base sequence of the other.

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16
Q

What is the previous definition of a gene?

A

A segment of DNA coding for the synthesis of a specific protein.

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17
Q

Genome

A

All the genes of one person.

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18
Q

How many genes do humans have?

A

Around 20,000.

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19
Q

Chromatin

A

Fine filamentous Material complexed with proteins.
Occurs as 46 chromosomes in most cells.

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20
Q

Histones

A

Proteins that are crucial for DNA packing. Cluster in groups of eight.

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21
Q

Nucleosome

A

Core particle

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22
Q

What is the current definition of a gene?

A

An information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA that plays a role in synthesizing one or more proteins.

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23
Q

What is the study of whole genomes?

A

Genomics

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24
Q

Base triplet

A

The sequence of three DNA nucleotides that stand for one amino acid.

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25
Codon
3-base sequence of mRNA 64 possible codons available to represent 20 amino acids 61 code for amino acids; 3 are stop codons
26
Start codons
AUG codes for methionine, and begins the amino acid sequence of the proteins.
27
Stop codons
UAG, UGA, and UAA: signal "end message"
28
What are the four steps in DNA replication?
unwinding, unzipping, building new DNA strands, and repackaging.
29
What does DNA unwind from?
Histones
30
What are the three subphases in interphase?
First gap phase (G1) Synthesis phase (S) Second gap phase (G2)
31
What are the multiple subphases of the Mitosis phase?
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
32
What is (G1) for?
They use that time to grow
33
What is (S) for?
Cell replication of all nuclear DNA and duplicate centrioles.
34
(G2)
Cells repair DNA errors, and grow and synthesize enzymes that control cell division.
35
Mitotic phase
The cell replicates its nucleus and then pinches in two to form new daughter cells.
36
What is mitosis?
It is the division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.
37
What are some of the functions of mitosis?
1) Developed of an individual from fertilized egg to about 50 trillion cells. 2) Growth of all tissues and organs after birth. 3) Replacement of cells that die. 4) Repair of damaged tissues
38
What happens during Prophase
The chromatin turns into chromosomes The nuclear envelope disintegrates The centrioles start to move to opposite ends and form the spindles.
39
What happens during Metaphase?
Chromosomes are aligned on the cells equator (middle)
40
What happens during Anaphase?
Enzyme cleaver two sister chromatids apart at the centromere. The single strand of daughter cells migrates to the opposite side.
41
What happens during Telophase?
Chromosomes cluster on each side of the cell. Rough ER makes a new nuclear envelope around the cluster. Chromosomes uncoil to chromatin Mitotic spindle disintegrates Each nucleus forms nucleoli
42
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm into two cells
43
Cyclins
Normally not present, but form during interphase
44
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
Activated by cyclins to phosphorylate other proteins
45
Cyclin-Cdk complexes control
The replication of DNA and centrioles in the S phase
46
Heredity
Transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring.
47
Karyotype
Chart of all 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
48
Homologous chromosomes
22 pairs of autosomes 1 pair of sex chromosomes
49
Females are represented by what combination of chromosomes?
XX
50
Males are represented by what combinations of chromosomes?
XY
51
Diploid (2n)
Describe any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes and somatic cells are diploid.
52
Haploid (n)
Describes cells containing half as many chromosomes as somatic cells
53
Human haploid cells contain
23 unpaired chromosomes
54
Germ cells (sperm and egg cells) are Examples of Haploid or Diploid?
Haploid
55
Locus
Is the location of a particular gene on a chromosome.
56
Alleles Loaction
are found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes
57
Dominant alleles are represented by what?
Capital letter
58
If a dominant allele is present what happens?
Corresponding traits are usually seen in the individual. Masks effect of the recessive allele Often produces protein responsible for visible traits.
59
What is a Recessive allele represented by?
A lowercase letter
60
what happens when a recessive allele is present?
The corresponding trait is only seen when recessive alleles are present on both homologous chromosomes. Ofter codes for the nonfunctional variants of the protein.
61
Genotype
The alleles an individual possesses for a particular gene.
62
Homozygous
Individuals have two identical alleles for the gene.
63
Heterozygous
Individuals have two different alleles for the gene.
64
Phenotype
The observable trait
65
Punnett square
A diagram showing possible genotypes and phenotype outcomes from parents of known genotypes. CC Cc Cc cc

Bio 23 Labs (6 decks)

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