Week 3

Question 1

Extracellular fluid

Answer 1

Na
Ca
Cl

Question 2

Intracellular fluid

Answer 2

K
Mg
Phosphates

Question 3

Graded - Action potentials

Answer 3

Short-long distance signals

Question 4

Exonuclease-endonuclease

Question 5

Lab colors

Answer 5

Hematoxlyn: ovum
Osmium tetraoxyd : yağ
Iron hemotoxly: mitocondiria böbrek
Best’s carmin: polygonal liver
Papanikolas : sperm
Fragmantated / not fragmentated : blood
Giemsa : blood

Question 6

Virulent

Answer 6

Have capacity to infect

Question 7

Pellet-Supernatant

Answer 7

Bottom-top part of the centrifuge tube

Question 8

Hairpin DNA or ________ DNA can
occur when there is a palindrome
sequence.

Answer 8

Cruciform

Question 9

DNA is mostly seen in _____ form in physiological conditions.

Answer 9

b-DNA

Question 10

Autocrine signaling

Answer 10

The ligand affects the cell that
secretes it

Question 11

Paracrine

Answer 11

After being secreted, the ligand diffuses
and acts on nearby cells.

Question 12

G-protein is activated by binding of _________.

Answer 12

guanosine tri-phosphate (GTP)

Question 13

Secretory Vesicles

Answer 13

Exocytosis

Question 14

Engulfment Vesicles

Answer 14

Endocytosis

Question 15

Merocrine

Answer 15

Release of secretory product only

Question 16

Apocrine

Answer 16

Release of secretory product with the apical cytoplasm

Question 17

Holocrine

Answer 17

Release of the whole cytoplasmic content

Question 18

COP II

Answer 18

Carrying vesicle from ER to cell membrane

Question 19

Which enzyme is responsible for glycosilation?

Answer 19

Glycosyl transferase

Question 20

Transcytosis

Answer 20

The vesicular transport of macromolecules from one side of a cell to the other

Question 21

Chaperones

Answer 21

Proteins that assist the conformational folding or unfolding of large proteins.

Question 22

Unfolded or misfolded proteins are transported to cytoplasm to be incorporated into ________.

Answer 22

Proteasomes

Question 23

_________ is a protein seperates vesicle from trans face of the golgi and carry to lysosome or cell membrane.

Answer 23

Clathrin

Question 24

Extracellular Vesicles

Answer 24

Exosomes, Microvesicles

Question 25

Microflaments subunit?

Answer 25

Actin

Question 26

Microtubules subunit?

Answer 26

Tubulin

Question 27

Intermediate Flaments subunit?

Answer 27

Keratins, Desmin, GFAP, Vimentin, Peripherin, Neurofilaments, Lamins, Nestin

Question 28

Microtubuls are originated from _________.

Answer 28

Centrosom

Question 29

________ is the most abundant protein in intracellular matrix.

Answer 29

Actin

Question 30

________ is the most abundant protein in extracellular matrix.

Answer 30

Collagen

Question 31

Actin Drugs

Answer 31

Cytochalasin, Phalloidin, Latrunculin

Question 32

Axoneme

Question 33

Microtubule Drugs

Answer 33

Colchicine, Vincristin(Vinblastin), Nocodazole, Paclitaxel

Question 34

_______ is one of the most abundant type of intermediate filament.

Answer 34

Vimentin

Question 35

Motor Proteins:

Answer 35

Kinesin(microfilament), Dynein(microtubule), Myosin(microtubule)

Question 36

Bacterium has a _______ that attracts the neutrophil.

Answer 36

lipoprotein

Question 37

Centrosomes have _ triples of microtubules.

Answer 37

9

Question 38

Proofreading is from _’ to _’.

Answer 38

3' to 5'

Question 39

Prokaryotic genes are generally seen as structures called ________.

Answer 39

Operon

Question 40

_________ indicates the starting point of transcription.

Answer 40

Promoter

Question 41

Prokaryotic genes are called ________ because the mRNA codes for more than one protein. Eukaryotic genes are _________ because the mRNA codes for only one protein.

Answer 41

Polycistronic, Monocistronic

Question 42

Which RNA polymerase is responsible for coding mRNAs?

Answer 42

RNA polymerase II

Question 43

There are _ nucleotides in initiator.

Answer 43

7

Question 44

Locus?

Answer 44

Segment of DNA

Question 45

________ mutations have effects on phenotype.

Answer 45

Intergenic

Question 46

Adenine deamination results in formation of _________.

Answer 46

Hypoxsanthine

Question 47

Guanine deamination results in formation of __________.

Answer 47

Xsantine

Question 48

Missense mutations

Answer 48

A point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

Question 49

Nonsense mutations

Answer 49

A point mutation in a DNA sequence that results in a shorter, unfinished protein product.

Question 50

Silent mutation

Answer 50

Mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism's phenotype.

Question 51

Transition-Transversion

Answer 51

-Transition means substitutions of one purine for the other or one pyrimidine for the other. -Transversion mean, the replacement of a purine for a pyrimidine.

Question 52

Tautomer?

Answer 52

Two molecules with the same molecular formula but different connectivity

Question 53

Which chemical mutagen is leads to deamination of adenine?

Answer 53

Nitrous acid (also leads to deamination of cytosine after that uracil occurs)

Question 54

Post-translational modifications based on the addition of chemical groups:

Answer 54

Phosphorylation(kinases) Acetylation Hydroxylation Methylation

Question 55

Post-translational modifications based on the addition of complex groups:

Answer 55

Glycosylation AMPylation Lipidation

Question 56

Post-translational modifications based on the addition of polypeptides:

Answer 56

Ubiquitination

Question 57

Post-translational modifications based on the cleavage of proteins:

Answer 57

Proteolysis

Question 58

Post-translational modifications based on the amino acid modification:

Answer 58

Deamidation

Question 59

Post-translational modifications based on the cleavage of proteins:

Answer 59

Proteolysis(Insulin)