Week 3

Question 1

Immanuel Kant

Answer 1

focuses on the principle of individual autonomy

Question 2

what is a will?

Answer 2

The will alone can make moral choices. To will is to decide on action. Moral decisions are possible only if the will is free to act.

Question 3

what is reason?

Answer 3

Reason is the power of Ideas, it produces concepts of the unconditioned world, these go beyond what we can sense, reason has pure spontaneity which is entirely independent of sense

Question 4

good will

Answer 4

the supreme principle of moratlity
is good from the willing, not the ends

Question 5

what is the supreme state of morality?

Answer 5

through good will and duty

Question 6

when are we happy?

Answer 6

when we do our duty without thinking of the ends and what we might get out of it

Question 7

what is the first categorical imperative

Answer 7

I can’t act in a way that everybody else wouldn’t be able to act in
I ought never to act except in such a way that I can will that my maxim become a universal law

Question 8

what is a hypothetical imperative?

Answer 8

we act in a certain way because we want what comes after it

Question 9

heteronomy

Answer 9

To act on one’s interest or another’s interest in moral decision-making is to act with
- to work at a job
- not autonomy
- based on interests

Question 10

autonomy

Answer 10

we act on our will

Question 11

do I know the effects of my actions in categorical or hypothetical?

Answer 11

hypothetical

Question 12

what is the second categorical imperative?

Answer 12

• everyone is an end
  Act in such a way that you always treat humanity whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end

Question 13

Concepts of Informed consent

Answer 13

• disclosure
• comprehension
• voluntariness
• competent
• consent

Question 14

what is sense 1 of consent

Answer 14

• autonomous authorization
• complete and adequate information with full intention and no controlling influences

Question 15

what is sense 2 of consent

Answer 15

• legally and institutionally effective authorization of consent
• obtained through procedures that are specific to institutions
• less than autonomous consent might be considered valid consent

Question 16

the subject acts with autonomy only if they act with …

Answer 16

• intentionality
• understanding
• without controlling influences

Question 17

the condition of intentionality

Answer 17

• we need to have a conscious will and intention
• requires planning from our brain into a blueprint

Question 18

how to be intentional

Answer 18

• the patient wills their consent in accordance with a plan
• my be conscious, reflective, and in correspondence to an action plan

Question 19

the condition of understanding

Answer 19

they must consent by understanding what is being communicated in an exchange with a professional

Question 20

what does it mean to understand something?

Answer 20

they understand apprehend 1, the nature of the action
2, the consequences and possible outcomes of performing or not performing the action

Question 21

what might inhibit understanding?

Answer 21

• you are unable to fully understand something if you are not given all of the information, which means you develop a false belief standard
• this inhibits adequate understanding

Question 22

the condition of non control

Answer 22

• similar to voluntariness where you have the free power to choose without the intervention of any element of force

Question 23

conditions of non control

Answer 23

the subject has not been the subject of an influence attempt
- if they have, it did not deprive the subject of willing what they wish to believe or do

Question 24

what are the three forms of influence

Answer 24

persuasion, coercion, manipulation

Question 25

what is persuasion

Answer 25

- appeals for a reason, ie, to accept the beliefs, attitudes, or values advocated by the persuader - tone, manner, and word order might be a part of this, which makes it difficult to distinguish between what is persuasion and what manipulation is

Question 26

what is manipulation

Answer 26

- catch all category for acts which alter the choices available for a person, or at least their perception of choices, and is successful

Question 27

what are the three manipulative influences

Answer 27

manipulation of options manipulation of information psychological manipulation

Question 28

what are the problems of exploitation

Answer 28

takes unfair advantage of vulnerable subjects moves into problems of justice and distribution of benefits and burdens

Question 29

what is the nature of coercion

Answer 29

- the need to influence is based on a severe threat - the threat but be credible - the threat must be irresistible

Question 30

is coercion able to be through attractive offers or financial gifts

Answer 30

no, only if there is a threat is it coercion

Question 31

example of a coercive situation

Answer 31

illness or economic necessity as a result the person cannot act freely and their choice is forced by eliminating the coercer, they have free will again