Week 3

Question 1

What are Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)?

Answer 1

Health care acquired infections that were not present before.

Question 2

What is mucociliary clearance and how does it protect against infection?

Answer 2

Traps/ expels pathogens from resp tract

Question 3

How does epithelial shedding help prevent infections?

Answer 3

Removed colonised microbes from skin and mucosal surfaces.

Question 4

What role does peristalsis play in infection defense?

Answer 4

Removes GI contents, reduced microbial colonisation.

Question 5

Name four risk factors for acquiring HAIs.

Answer 5

Age, invasive procedures, immunosuppresion, in dwelling device

Question 6

List common pathogens responsible for HAIs.

Answer 6

Skin flora, streptococcus spp, E. coli, MRSA, VRE

Question 7

Commensalism?

Answer 7

Microbes benefit without harming host

Question 8

Dysbiosis

Answer 8

Imbalance of normal microbiota, can lead to overgrowth

Question 9

What are biofilms?

Answer 9

Microbial communities that adhere to surfaces/ resist antimicrobials and immune response

Question 10

5 main transmission routes?

Answer 10

Contact, indirect contact, airborne, droplet, vector, common vehicle.

Question 11

Chain of infection?

Answer 11

1- Infectious agent 2- resovoir, 3- portal of exit, 4- mode of transmission 5- portal of entry, 6- susceptible patients

Question 12

How can HAIs be prevented using the chain of infection model?

Answer 12

By interrupting the links in the chain of infection use infection control measures

Question 13

What are Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)?

Answer 13

What are Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)?
A: Infections acquired during healthcare treatment that were not present or incubating at the time of admission.

Question 14

What is mucociliary clearance and how does it protect against infection?

Answer 14

Traps and expels pathogens from resp tract

Question 15

How does epithelial shedding help prevent infections?

Answer 15

Removes colonised microbes from skin and mucosal surface

Question 16

What role does peristalsis play in infection defense?

Answer 16

Remove GI contents, reduce microbial colonisation

Question 17

Name four risk factors for acquiring HAIs.

Answer 17

Extreme of age, immunosuppresion, invasive procedures, dwelling devices

Question 18

List common pathogens responsible for HAIs. (5)

Answer 18

Skin flora, streptococcus spp, E. coli, MRSA, VRE

Question 19

Commensalism?

Answer 19

Microbes benefit without harm to host

Question 20

Dysbiosis?

Answer 20

Imbalance of microbiota, can lead to over growth of pathogens

Question 21

What are biofilms?

Answer 21

Microbial communities that adhere to surfaces, resist antimicrobials and immune response

Question 22

What are the five main transmission routes for HAI?

Answer 22

Contact, indirect contact, droplet, airborne, vector, common vehicle

Question 23

What is the chain of infection?

Answer 23

1- infectious agent, 2- reservoir, 3- portal of exit, 4- mode of transmission, 5- portal of entry, 6- susceptible hosts

Question 24

How can HAIs be prevented using the chain of infection model?

Answer 24

By interrupting the links in the chain of infection

Question 25

How does antimicrobial resistance contribute to HAIs?

Answer 25

Reduces treatment effectiveness, allowing resistance, organisms thrive and spread

Question 26

What are standard precautions?

Answer 26

Standard precautions regardless of the diagnosis

Question 27

5 standard precautions

Answer 27

PPE, hand hygiene, resp hygiene, aseptic technique, environmental cleaning

Question 28

Transmission based precautions

Answer 28

Additional precautions for known or suspected infections

Question 29

When are contact precautions used?

Answer 29

For direct or indirect transmission

Question 30

Factors that contribute to healthcare-associated infections, innate defence mechanisms in the host include? (3)

Answer 30

Mucous trapping, cellular extrusion, peristalsis