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Food and Nutrition 2070A > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

What are proteins comprised of?

A

20 different amino acids

Proteins are essential macromolecules in biological systems.

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2
Q

What atoms make up amino acids?

A

C, H, O, and N atoms

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3
Q

What is an amino group?

A

NH2

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4
Q

What is an acid group?

A

COOH

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5
Q

What differentiates one amino acid from another?

A

Unique side chain

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6
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

Links amino acids together end-to-end

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7
Q

What is condensation in protein synthesis?

A

Joins amino acids together via removal of water

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8
Q

What is hydrolysis in protein digestion?

A

Separation of amino acids via addition of water

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9
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9 essential AAs

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10
Q

What is a mnemonic for the essential amino acids?

A

Lucy Likes The Isolation More Than Very Heavy Pressure

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11
Q

What are non-essential amino acids?

A

AAs that the body can synthesize as needed

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12
Q

Name three non-essential amino acids.

A
  • Alanine
  • Asparagine
  • Aspartic Acid
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13
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

Sequence of amino acids

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14
Q

What determines the secondary structure of proteins?

A

Weak electrical attractions within the polypeptide chain

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15
Q

What happens during protein denaturation?

A

Proteins lose their shape and ability to function

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16
Q

What role does hydrochloric acid play in protein digestion?

A

Denatures proteins and activates pepsin

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17
Q

What is the role of pepsin in protein digestion?

A

Initiates protein digestion by breaking large polypeptides

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18
Q

What happens in the small intestine during protein digestion?

A

Pancreatic and intestinal proteases hydrolyze polypeptides into smaller peptides

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19
Q

What is the proteome?

A

All the proteins synthesized by our cells

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20
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein-making machinery of the cell

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21
Q

What is sickle cell anemia caused by?

A

An abnormal protein hemoglobin due to sequencing errors

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22
Q

What are the roles of proteins in the body?

A
  • Building blocks for growth and maintenance
  • Enzymes
  • Hormones
  • Fluid balance regulation
  • Acid-base regulation
  • Transporters
  • Antibodies
  • Source of energy
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23
Q

What is nitrogen balance?

A

Nitrogen intake compared to nitrogen output

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24
Q

What is positive nitrogen balance?

A

Nitrogen intake > Nitrogen output

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25
What is negative nitrogen balance?
Nitrogen intake < Nitrogen output
26
What is deamination?
Removal of nitrogen-containing amino group
27
What is transamination?
Transferring an amino group from one amino acid to its corresponding keto acid
28
What is the DRI for protein for men and women?
46g/day for women, 56g/day for men
29
What are the effects of high animal protein intake?
Increased risk of heart disease
30
What is kwashiorkor?
Protein deficiency characterized by edema and skin rashes
31
What is marasmus?
Energy deficiency affecting skin and bones
32
What is the RDA for protein?
0.8g/kg/day of healthy body weight
33
What is the function of whey protein?
Full array of essential amino acids and rapid digestibility
34
What is nutrigenomics?
Study of how nutrients influence gene activity
35
What is the main function of water in the body?
Transport vehicle for nutrients and waste products
36
What percentage of body weight does water constitute?
~60%
37
What is dehydration?
Insufficient water in the body
38
What is the DRI for water intake for men and women?
3.7L for men, 2.7L for women
39
What is hyponatremia?
Decreased concentration of sodium in the blood
40
What is hard water?
High concentrations of calcium and magnesium
41
What is soft water?
High concentrations of sodium or potassium
42
What are the signs of water intoxication?
Confusion, convulsions, may lead to death
43
What is obligatory water excretion?
Minimum of 500ml needed to excrete waste each day
44
What is the role of the kidneys in water balance?
Filter and excrete urea from the blood
45
What are the sources of water intake?
* Ingested liquids: ~70% * Ingested foods: ~20% * Metabolic water: ~10%
46
What happens during protein-energy malnutrition?
Inadequate protein and/or energy intake
47
What is the recommended fluid intake for a 2000 kcal diet?
2-3L (8-12 cups) ## Footnote This is based on the ratio of 5ml/kcal.
48
Define hard water
High concentrations of calcium and magnesium
49
What is the potential health effect of soft water?
May increase blood pressure and risk of heart disease due to higher sodium content
50
What should you do before consuming water from old plumbing?
Run water for at least 1-2 minutes
51
What is carbonated water?
Contains CO2 to create bubbles
52
What distinguishes distilled water?
Vaporized; free of dissolved minerals
53
What is mineral water?
From a spring or well, contains natural minerals (often high in sodium)
54
Define artesian water
Water drawn from a well that taps a confined aquifer under pressure
55
How do fluids influence blood volume and pressure?
Fluids maintain blood volume which influences blood pressure
56
Which organ controls blood volume through urine output?
Kidneys
57
What is renin?
An enzyme that causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium
58
What is angiotensin?
Converted to an active form that is a vasoconstrictor
59
What role does aldosterone play in the body?
Signals the kidneys to excrete potassium and retain sodium
60
What does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do?
Stimulates the kidneys to absorb more water and excrete less water
61
What is the distribution of body fluids?
⅔ inside cells and ⅓ outside cells
62
What are major minerals that control the movement of water?
* Na * Cl * K * Ca * Mg * P * S
63
Define electrolytes
Salts that dissociate into ions (e.g., Na and Cl)
64
What is osmosis?
Movement of water across a membrane towards concentrated solutes
65
What is osmotic pressure?
Amount of pressure needed to prevent movement of water across a membrane
66
Which organ reabsorbs minerals from fluids?
Large intestine
67
What does aldosterone do if sodium is too low?
Stimulates sodium reabsorption
68
What is the effect of excess OH- ions on pH?
Higher pH
69
What is a buffer?
Molecules that maintain pH of a solution by gathering or releasing H+ ions
70
What causes fluid and electrolyte imbalance?
Excess fluid lost from vomiting, diarrhea, burns, and traumatic wounds
71
What is Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)?
Used to treat mild to moderate dehydration caused by severe diarrhea
72
What is the chief extracellular ion?
Sodium (Na+)
73
What triggers the sensation to drink?
Until appropriate sodium-water concentration is reached
74
What is the AI for sodium for adults aged 19-50?
1500mg/day
75
What is the average sodium intake for Canadians?
Over 2700mg/day
76
What is the CDRR for sodium?
2300mg/day
77
What is the main dietary approach to managing hypertension?
Increase potassium and decrease sodium
78
What is hyponatremia?
Too little sodium in the blood
79
What are symptoms of sodium deficiency?
* Headache * Confusion * Seizures * Coma
80
What is sodium toxicity?
Symptoms include edema and acute hypertension
81
What can cause chloride deficiency?
Rare; may cause growth failure, muscle cramps, mental apathy
82
What is the principal negative ion in the body?
Chloride (Cl-)
83
What is the AI for chloride for adults aged 19-50?
2300mg/day
84
What are the food sources of potassium?
Fresh foods
85
What is the AI for potassium for men?
3400mg/day
86
What are the consequences of potassium deficiency?
* Increased blood pressure * Kidney stones * Irregular heartbeats
87
What is phosphorus's role in the body?
Part of cell’s genetic material; essential for growth and renewal of cells
88
What is the RDA for phosphorus?
700mg/day
89
What are the symptoms of heat cramps?
Subtle twitches/spasms in muscles
90
What is heat exhaustion?
Excessive sweating in an attempt to cool the body
91
What is heat stroke?
Body can no longer regulate its temperature
92
What should be done if someone is experiencing heat stroke?
Call 911 and follow directions

Food and Nutrition 2070A (3 decks)

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