week 3

Question 1

in a skeleton diagram, a line is a ___?

Answer 1

bond

Question 2

in a skeleton diagram, two lines that converge at an angle form an ___?

Answer 2

elbow

Question 3

in a skeleton diagram, the crux of an elbow with no element indicated is always a ___ ___?

Answer 3

carbon atom

Question 4

carbon always has ___ bonds

Answer 4

4 bonds

Question 5

if the carbon (at the elbow) is bonded to an oxygen, nitrogen, or other elements BESIDES ___ or ___, the element will be indicated by a letter (eg. O, N, P, Na, K)

Answer 5

hydrogen or carbon

Question 6

if the carbon (at the crux of an elbow) is bonded to another elbow, that is a ________ bond.

Answer 6

carbon-to-carbon bond

Question 7

if the number of bonds at the elbow of a carbon does NOT add up to 4, then the missing bonds are bonds to ____?

Answer 7

hydrogen (hydrogen and its bonds are left out)

Question 8

what is an R-group?

Answer 8

an indication that some chemical group is attached to the atoms in question (but it’s not important to know exact group)

Question 9

what is alcohol in chemistry?

Answer 9

• organic compound

- hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to carbon atom of an ALKYLE group (chains of carbon)

Question 10

the OH group usually makes alcohols ____?

Answer 10

hydrophilic

Question 11

technically, cholesterol belongs to which category?

Answer 11

alcohol

Question 12

most alcohols are ___ and ___, but can have aromatic groups.

Answer 12

alkanes

aliphatic

Question 13

other classes of molecules related to alcohols are (3)

Answer 13

• thiols (sulfide group)
• ethers (anesthetics)
• phenols (antiseptics)

Question 14

sulfide groups are extremely important in what 2 activities?

Answer 14

protein structure

cellular energy production

Question 15

what is a carbonyl group?

Answer 15

a carbon double bonded to an oxygen

O=C

Question 16

carbonyl groups are ____ in nature, why?

Answer 16

polar, bc oxygen likes to be NEG

Question 17

-COH is the group indicating an ___

Answer 17

aldehyde

Question 18

aldehydes and ketones are ___ group

Answer 18

carbonyl

Question 19

what is a liver metabolite of ethyl alcohol, which is responsible for alcohol hangovers?

Answer 19

acetaldehyde

Question 20

the essential oil of cinnamon bark is about 90% ___?

Answer 20

cinnamaldehyde

Question 21

what is derived from aldehydes by substituting a 2nd R-group for the hydrogen?

Answer 21

keystones

Question 22

keystone groups are the chemical cause of toxicity in the genetic disease ___

Answer 22

phenlyketonuria (PKU)

Question 23

what is a very common organic acid group, with the R- being any kind of aliphatic or aromatic compound?

Answer 23

carboxylic acid

R-COOH

Question 24

which group is found throughout the biological world, creating WEAK ACIDS?

how does it create a weak acid?

Answer 24

-COOH group
(carboxylic acid group)

as the H+ dissociates for only short periods of time from the COOH group, creating a mild acid reaction - less time H+ is in solution, less acid is the fluid

Question 25

common carboxylic acids are ___ acids

Answer 25

fatty acids

Question 26

fatty acids are classified by their ____?

Answer 26

saturation

Question 27

what is an unsaturated fatty acid messenger molecule? (pain messengers)

Answer 27

prostaglandin E1

Question 28

how are esters created?

Answer 28

from COOH group by replacing H with R-

Question 29

AMINES are based on ___? and what kind of structure does it have?

Answer 29

ammonia - NH3 tetrahedral structure, and can lose any of its 3 hydrogen to other (R-) groups

Question 30

what are the 3 types of amines?

Answer 30

1. primary (ONE R- group) 2. secondary (TWO R- group) 3. tertiary (THREE R- group)

Question 31

what is the building blocks of proteins and are all amines, with differing R- groups?

Answer 31

amino acids

Question 32

which class of amines are based upon ring structures that include 1 or more nitrogen atoms in the carbon ring, and can be joined by 2 rings?

Answer 32

heterocyclic amines

Question 33

which class of amines forms many well known and useful organic molecules which are basic blocks in DNA, RNA, porphyrin rings, vitamin B6, nicotine, narcotics, alkloids, etc.?

Answer 33

heterocyclic amines

Question 34

what are a class of heterocyclic amines that CHELATE a metal ion in the molecule's center and are extremely important in the function of many enzymes?

Answer 34

porphyrins *chelate (describes a particular way that ions and molecules bind metal ions, ex. chelation therapy to draw out heavy metal such as lead, mercury, etc.)j

Question 35

what combines an amine group with carbonyl group?

Answer 35

amides

Question 36

____ are building blocks of proteins, and all proteins are ___.

Answer 36

amines | amides

Question 37

when amino acids are joined to form amides, this specific reaction is called ____, bc the resultant amides is called ____, which is the simplest form of ___.

Answer 37

peptide bond peptide proteins

Question 38

a peptide bond is a chemical bond formed when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid, thereby releasing a molecule of water, this is called __?

Answer 38

dehydration synthesis

Question 39

the peptide bond is a ___ ___ reaction, and occurs b/t the ___ group of 1 amino acid and the ___ group of another amino acid. The resulting ___ bond is called a ___ bond, and the resulting molecules is an ___.

Answer 39

dehydration synthesis carboxyl group amine group OC-NH peptide bond AMIDE

Question 40

biological systems are structurally composed of what 4 basic types of organic molecules?

Answer 40

proteins carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids

Question 41

what is a long LINEAR chain of bonded amino acids? single amino acids is? 2? 3? mutilple bonded aminos (+$) are?

Answer 41

protein monopeptide dipeptide tripeptide polypeptide or protein

Question 42

proteins are a linear chain of bonded amino acids that ___ into a unique conformation depending on the ___ ___ ___.

Answer 42

FOLD | amino acid sequence

Question 43

what are simple sugars, complex sugars, and starches.

Answer 43

carbohydrates

Question 44

what are starches created from and how?

Answer 44

from simple sugars, by linking multiple simple sugars in long chains, similar to protein creation

Question 45

_____ are noted for their oxygen containing ring structure, and is a ring with ___?

Answer 45

sugars (saccharides) | 4 or 5 carbon + 1 oxygen

Question 46

what are the 3 types of lipids (fats) and name 1 characteristics that differs from proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids?

Answer 46

fatty acids glycerols sterols lipids do NOT form gigantic macromolecules

Question 47

what is the most common role of lipids in cells and tissues? | it coalesce to form a ___?

Answer 47

cell membranes bilayer, which makes the membrane

Question 48

what is also a common component of membranes ( besides lipids), and is the basic molecule used to make sterol hormones like corticosteriods (which are molecules made in the adrenal glands)?

Answer 48

cholesterol

Question 49

what is the backbone of glyceride fats? | give 3 examples.

Answer 49

glycerol monglyceride diglyceride triglyceride

Question 50

what are the cell's genetic material

Answer 50

nucleic acids

Question 51

what are long chains of nucleotide subunits, and have both strorge (DNA) and functional (RNA) roles in the cell?

Answer 51

nucleic acids

Question 52

what are nucleotides? and what is it composed of?

Answer 52

building blocks of nucleic acids | composed of a 5-cabon sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group

Question 53

nucleic acid is a chain of ___ ___

Answer 53

bonded nucleotides

Question 54

nucleotides are bonded together in long chains, making DNA and RNA where the sugar and phosphate groups form the chain. This is called the ___

Answer 54

phosophate-sugar backbone of the nucleic acid

Question 55

what are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides? and they are___ ?

Answer 55

``` pyrimidines and purines heterocyclic amines (nitrogen in a ring of carbon) ```

Question 56

what is RNA (ribonucleic acid)?

Answer 56

single-strand nucleic acid, made of ribonucleotides

Question 57

what is DNA?

Answer 57

a double-stranded nucleic acid, held together by weak hydrogen bonding

Question 58

what is DNA short for

Answer 58

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 59

most amino acids are considered primary, secondary, or tertiary amines?

Answer 59

primary amines (R-NH2)

Question 60

many carcinogens fall under what class of amines?

Answer 60

heterocyclic amines

Question 61

what are the "must haves" for amino acids

Answer 61

- carboxyl group - amine group - carbon - R group