Week 3

Question 0

Why does the thyroid gland enlarge during pregnancy?

Answer 0

It enlarges because the kidneys increase in efficiency, causing an iodine deficiency. Iodine deficiency causes the thyroid to enlarge to produce more iodine.

Question 1

What are the anterior and posterior fontanels?

Answer 1

They are the spaces between sutures in infants.

Anterior fontanel closes between 18-24 months and posterior fontanel closes around 2 months

Question 2

Macrocephaly

Answer 2

“Large head”

Paget’s disease is one form of this

Question 3

Hydrocephalus

Answer 3

Excess fluid within cranium. In infants, can cause ballooning head shape (fontanels allow).
Can cause sunsetting eyes due to pressure on CN 3 (no ability to move eyes upward)

Question 4

Transillumination

Answer 4

The process that allows us to see how much fluid is within the cranium (severity of hydrocephalus)

Question 5

Phagiocephaly

Answer 5

Flat head, caused (in infants) by pressure on one part for too long.

Question 6

Palpebral fissure

Answer 6

Opening of the eye

Question 7

Philtrum

Answer 7

Ridge beneath the nose

Question 8

Bell’s palsy

Answer 8

Paralysis of CN VII (facial motor function)

Question 9

Facies

Answer 9

Collection of abnormal features that together are indicative of a disease (ie downs, fetal alcohol syndrome)

Question 10

Temporal mandibular joint assessment

Answer 10

Check by having patient open/close jaw, asymmetry, tenderness, inflammation, swelling, crepitation, clicking
CN V function

Question 11

CN VII

Answer 11

Controls facial muscle control

Question 12

Eyelid movement is controlled by

Answer 12

CN III and CN VII

Question 13

CN V is responsible for

Answer 13

Sensation (pokey/soft test) and masseter muscle control

Question 14

CN XI

Answer 14

Motor- shoulder shrug

Question 15

A pt is unable to differentiate between sharp and dull sensations to both sides of her face. What CN is damaged?

Answer 15

CN V- trigeminal

Question 16

Pt comes to clinic c/o neck and shoulder pain and unable to turn head. What CN should you check?

Answer 16

CN XI accessory spinal

Question 17

Explain which eye movements are responsible for which CNs.

Answer 17

Lateral: CN VI (abducens)
Down and in: CN IV (trochlear)
All others (up, down, etc): CN III oculomotor

Question 18

Inner and outer canthis

Answer 18

Inner and outer corners of eyes (where lids come together)

Question 19

Sclera

Answer 19

White, thick CT. Supports internal eye structures

Question 20

Cornea

Answer 20

Clear part, covers iris and pupil. Sensitive to pain, separates humor from external enviro, permits light transmission through lens to retina.

Question 21

Iris

Answer 21

Dilates/contracts to control amount of light traveling through pupil to the retina.

Question 22

Lens

Answer 22

Changes in thickness to allows images from varied distances to be focused on the retina (accommodation)

Question 23

Retina

Answer 23

Sensory network of the eye. Transforms light impulses into electrical impulses that are sent to the cerebral cortex.

Question 24

Presbyopia

Answer 24

Loss of elasticity of the lens (loss of accommodation).

Question 25

Cataract

Answer 25

Loss of lens clarity.

Question 26

Strabismus

Answer 26

Lazy eye

Question 27

CN II

Answer 27

Optic nerve - sensory

Question 28

Snellen chart

Answer 28

Vision chart large | Stand 20 feet away

Question 29

Rosenbaum card

Answer 29

Hold 14 inches away. Vision chart

Question 30

Isihara

Answer 30

Color vision test

Question 31

Eversion of eyelid

Answer 31

Eye lid turned outward, causes drying and tearing | Ectropion

Question 32

Inversion of eyelid

Answer 32

Eyelid turned inward, Causes scratching | Entropion

Question 33

Xanthelasma

Answer 33

Flat/slightly elevated, soft rounded plaque on eyelids from cholesterol deposits

Question 34

Hordeolum

Answer 34

Sty

Question 35

Conjunctivitis

Answer 35

Inflammation of conjunctiva, red eye

Question 36

Arcus senilus

Answer 36

Lipid deposits in ring around iris, normal in old people

Question 37

PERRLA

Answer 37

Pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

Question 38

Convergence

Answer 38

Pupils get smaller with near distance to focus

Question 39

Nystagmus

Answer 39

Involuntary movements of the eye, can be normal with extreme lateral gaze

Question 40

Estropia

Answer 40

One eye leans in

Question 41

Extropia

Answer 41

One eye leans out

Question 42

Part to know when observing the tympanic membrane

Answer 42

``` Cone of light Long arm of malleus Umbo Pars tensa Pars flaccida Annulus (ring of CT around tympanic membrane) ```

Question 43

Presbycusis

Answer 43

Learning loss with age

Question 44

Vertigo

Answer 44

Occurs when labyrinth becomes inflamed

Question 45

Otosclerosis

Answer 45

Conductive hearing loss occurs in people 20-40 yrs

Question 46

Otalgia

Answer 46

Earaches

Question 47

Otorrhea

Answer 47

Discharge

Question 48

Otitis externa

Answer 48

Inflammation, etc of external canal

Question 49

Otitis media

Answer 49

Inflammation of inner ear

Question 50

Romberg test

Answer 50

Tests CN VIII balance test

Question 51

Stensen's duct

Answer 51

Opening of parotid salivary gland. Located in back of cheek in buccal mucosa

Question 52

Black hairy tongue

Answer 52

Overgrowth of taste buds

Question 53

Leukopenia

Answer 53

White patch cannot scrape off within oral cavity, sign of cancer

Question 54

Fissured tongue

Answer 54

Normal variant in 10% of people, otherwise indicates severe dehydration

Question 55

Wharton's ducts

Answer 55

Submaxillary glands underneath tongue on either side of frenulum

Question 56

Taste CNs

Answer 56

Posterior 1/3 CN VII, anterior 2/3 CN IX

Question 57

Torus palantinus

Answer 57

Bony protuberance midline, hard on roof of mouth | Normal variation in 25% of all women

Question 58

Gag reflex and palate elevation are controlled by which CNs

Answer 58

CN IX and X