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VTS ECC Caroline > Week 3 - Clinical Pathology > Flashcards

Week 3 - Clinical Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components of a CBC?

A

Erythrogram
Leukogram
Thrombogram

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2
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Variation in RBC size

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3
Q

What is microcytosis?

A

RBC decreased in size

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4
Q

What conditions may cause microcytosis?

A

Iron deficiency (chronic blood loss)
Liver disease
Portosystemic shunt

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5
Q

If mycrocytosis is present, what will the mean cell volume (MCV) read?

A

Decreased MCV

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6
Q

What is macrocytosis?

A

RBC increased in size

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7
Q

What conditions may cause macrocytosis?

A

Regenerative anaemia
FeLV
Hereditary - poodles

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8
Q

With macrocytosis, what will the mean cell volume (MCV) read?

A

Increased MCV

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9
Q

What is hypochromasia?

A

Pale RBCs due to low Hb content

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10
Q

What causes hypochromasia?

A

Iron deficiency (Chronic blood loss)

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11
Q

When hypochromasia is present, what might the MCHC and MCH readings show?

A

Decreased MCH
Decreased MCHC

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12
Q

What is hyperchromasia?

And why might it occur?

A

RBCs appeared more densely stained.

High level of Hb

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13
Q

What conditions are associated with hyperchromasia?

A

IMHA (spherocytes)
Oxidative injury (eccentrocytes)
Heinz body haemolytic disease

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14
Q

What is Polychromasia?

A

Presence of pale blue RBCs.
Young RBCs

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15
Q

What does polychromasia represent?

A

Bone marrow response to peripheral demand for RBCs.

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16
Q

What is poikilocytosis?

A

Abnormal RBC shape

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17
Q

What are the key features of a spherocyte?

A

Loss of biconcave disc shape
Smaller than RBC
lack of central pallor
Intense red stain

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18
Q

Pherocytes have small pieces of the RBC membrane removed by what?

A

Macrophages

Leads to loss of biconcave shape

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19
Q

Spherocytes are commonly seen with what disease process?

A

IMHA

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20
Q

What are the key features of a schistocyte?

A

Irregular shape
Small RBC fragment

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21
Q

Schistocytes are commonly associated with what disease processes?

A

DIC
hepatic disease
Heart worm
Endocarditis

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22
Q

What is a leptocyte/codocyte (target cell)?

A

Large RBC membrane

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23
Q

Common causes of lrptocytes/condocytes (target cell) include?

A

Liver disease
Portosystemic shunt
Iron deficiency

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24
Q

Describe an acanthocyte (spur cell)?

A

Irregular (2-10) blunt finger like projections
Little or no central pallor

25
Q

What disease processes are associated with acanthocytes?

A

Liver disease
Splenic disease
DIC
Renal disease

26
Q

What are the key features of crenation RBC?

A

Numerous, short projections
Usually all over the cell

27
Q

Why does cremation of the RBC occur?

A

Loss of H2O due to hyperosmolar environment

28
Q

Common causes of creation of RBC include?

A

Artefact - EDTA, prolonged storage

29
Q

Echintocytes are associated with what disease processes?

A

Chemotherapy
Snake bite
Electrolyte imbalance
Glomerulonephritis

30
Q

Keratocytes (blister cells) are caused by oxidative injury. What are there key features?

A

Blister within the RBC
Irregular shaped
helmet shaped

31
Q

Karatocytes (blister cells) are associated with what disease in the cat?
The dog?

A

Cat: diabetes, lymphoma, acetaminophen
Dog onion, zinc toxicity

32
Q

Eccentrocytes are caused by oxidative injury’s defined the key feature?

A

Harmoglobin is concentrated at one pill of the cell

33
Q

Eccentrocytes are associated with what disease processes in the cat?
The dog?

A

Cat: diabetes, lymphoma, acetaminophen, hyperthyroid
Dog: onion, zinc toxicity

34
Q

Stomatocytes have a curved mouth like central pallor. What disease process are they associated with?

A

Liver disease
Electrolyte imbalance
Cholesterol imbalance

35
Q

Heinz bodies are localised accumulations of oxidised Hb. What disease processes are they associated with in the cat?
The dog?

A

Dog: iron, onion toxicity
Cat: hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, acetaminophen, lymphoma

36
Q

Basophillic stippling are small dark granules scatters in the RBC. What are the common causes?

A

Lead toxicity (dog), regenerative anaemia, bone marrow disorders

37
Q

Howell jolly bodies are a single dark blue/purple round inclusions. What are they associated with?

A

Normal in small numbers in cats.
Regenerative anaemia, splenic disease, dry thyroid dysplasia.

38
Q

What is the adequate numbers of platelets per field of view?

A

8 - 35

39
Q

An increase in platelet distribution width (PDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV) indicate that….

A

Enlarged platelets or clumps present

40
Q

Macrothrombocytopaenia may be seen in which breeding dog?

A

CKCS

41
Q

Dysplastic platelets may be seen with?

A

FeLV
Rapid turnover of platelets

42
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

Immature RBC

43
Q

What are the two types of reticulocytes in cats and dogs?

A

Aggregate reticulocytes
Punctate reticulocyte

44
Q

Which reticulocyte is less mature and provides information about what is happening in the bone marrow over the last 24-72 hours?

A

Aggregate reticulocytes

45
Q

An increase in PCV and TS maybe be seen with?

A

Dehydration

46
Q

An increase in PCV and normal TS may be seen with?

A

Polycythaemia
Normal for sight hounds

47
Q

A normal PCV and increased TS may be seen with?

A

Hyperglobulinaemia

48
Q

A normal PCV and TS may be seen with?

A

Normal presentation
Acute haemorrhage

49
Q

A decreased PCV and increased TS may be seen with?

A

Anaemia

50
Q

Decreased PCV and TS may be seen with?

A

Haemorrhage
Anaemia
Hypoproteainaemia

51
Q

On a blood smear, the feathered edge is used for?

A

WBCs
Platelet counts

52
Q

On a blood smear, the mono layer is used for?

A

RBCs
Platelets

53
Q

On a blood smear, the base is difficult to examine due to?

A

Density of cells
Stacking

54
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Clean up damaged cells

55
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Produce an allergic response

56
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Destroy parasites
Destroy cancer cells
Assist basophils with allergic response

57
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

T cell - natural killers
B cell - antibodies - produce proteins to fight infection

58
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Kill bacteria, fungi, foreign debris

VTS ECC Caroline (2 decks)

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