Week 3 Day 1 O Chem Flashcards by Laura Baillie

Which kind of bond does an alkane contain?

carbon - carbon single bonds

carbon - hydrogen bonds

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Hexane

C6H14

6 carbons

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Naming a carboxylic acid

add the suffix “oic acid” to the parent name

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Many anesthetic gases are ___________ ethers.

halogenated

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Ethyl group

C2H5

*not stable, missing a bond*

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Removing a hydrogen from an alkane leaves an…

Alkyl

In place of the missing H, alkyls will bond to something else

Name by replacing “ane” with “yl”

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Two anesthestics used a long time ago

diethyl ether

methyl propyl ether

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Butane

C4H10

4 carbons

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CH3

Methyl group

*not stable, missing a bond*

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Describe the difference between ammonia and ammonium regarding the basicity of nitrogen.

N has 5 valence electrons and wants 3 more to complete its valence shell.

However, in ammonia and very many amines, N can form 4 covalent bonds and it acquires a “+” charge

This can be pH dependent, the higher the pH (basic, less H⁺floating around, the more ammonia, NH₃.)

The lower the pH (acidic, more H⁺ floating around, the more ammonium, NH₄⁺)

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Propene

C3H6

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Functional group derived from ammonia, NH3

Amine

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A molecule is chiral if…

there is a “right handed” form of the molecule that is different from the “left handed” form.

the rotated molecule cannot be superimposed on its mirror image

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Alkynes

contain at least 1 carbon-carbon triple bond

as well as carbon-hydrogen bonds

Named by adding “yne”

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Pentane

C5H12

5 carbons

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Classify purine

nitrogenous heteroaromatic

forms the basis of A, and G (adenine, and guanine)

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The right handed and left handed forms of a molecule can be referred to as ________.

Enantiomers

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The simplest alkyne

C2H2

ethyne, acetylene

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Methane

CH4

1 carbon

natural gas

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If you replace 1 H from H20 with an alkyl, you have an…

alcohol (functional group based on water)

To name, name the larger back bone, identify the location of the OH (hydroxyl) and add “ol”.

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IUPAC nomenclature rules

name the longest alkane - this is the parent chain
name all substituent alkyl groups in alphabetical order
use multipliers to indicate number of identical substituents
number the parent chain from the end, giving the lowest possible numbers for substituents
number the substituents. Numbers are separated from numbers with “,”, and from letters with “-“.

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How does an isopropyl group differ from a propyl group?

The isopropyl group is an isomer of the propyl group

A propyl group connects to another group of atoms at the first carbon in the 3 carbon chain

An isopropyl group is attached to another atom at the center of the propyl group

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Naming a ketone

named with suffix “-one”

i.e. propanone (acetone)

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What is a carbonyl carbon?

A carbon double bonded to an oxygen

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Common name for 1, 2-ethanediol

ethylene glycol

Isopropyl group

C3H7

Functional group based on water, replace both H's of H20 with alkyls. What do we have?

Ethers Contains an --O-- bridge between organic compounds

C8H18

Octane Gasoline

Classify pyrimidine

nitrogenous heteroaromatic forms the basis of the nucleobases C, U, and T (cytosine, uracil, and thymine) "Cut the Py" "CU T Py"

cis

same side

Similar to esters except that the O has been repalced with an N, formed by reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine.

Amides

Propane

C3H8

Describe an ester.

Similar to carboxylic acids except that the H of the Hydroxyl has been replaced with an organic group name by adding suffix "oate" to the the parent name

Alk**_enes_** can combine with other alk**_enes_** to form larger \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Alk**_anes_** (basis for many polymers) ## Footnote i.e. formation of polyethylene (HDPE #2 LDPE #4) from ethylene polypropylene (PP#5) from propylene polystyrene (PS #6) from styrene polyvinylchloride (PVC #3) from chloroethene \*\*longer chains are more stable\*\*

Rules for naming ethers.

When alkyls are linked by an --O-- bridge: 1. the smaller alkyl goes first, followed by "-oxy-" then the larger alkyl group OR 2. The two substituents are named, followed by "ether."

trans

across

Two names for C2H2

ethyne or acetylene

T or F: Cycloalkanes contain only single bonds.

True

Alkanes that form rings are called?

Cycloalkanes Name by prefixing "cyclo-" to the alkane name \*\*they contain only *_single bonds_*\*\*

How do ketones differ from aldehydes?

Ketones do _NOT_ have a hydrogen bound to the carbonyl carbon.

C9H20

Nonane

Naming an aldehyde

suffix "-al" i.e. methan**_al_** (formaldehyde)

Describe a carboxylic acid

Carbonyl group with a **_hydroxl group_** bonded to the carbonyl carbon

This type of compound contains a benzene ring.

Aromatics common in nature, often have strong odors and tastes i.e. cinnamon, cloves, thyme, vanilla, tarragon

shape of tetrahedral carbon molecule

tripod with 4th piece sticking upwards. 109.5° angles between

Geometry of carbon-carbon double bond

cannot rotate (would have to break and make new convalent bonds in order to change conformation) forms a *planar molecule* with 120° angles between X and Y

Boiling point _________ with increasing molecular weight.

Increases; Larger alkanes are less volatile than smaller ones i.e. methane (CH4) is a gas, octane (C8H18) is liquid at STP

A benzene ring has ___ carbons and ___ alternating double bonds.

6 carbons; 3 alternating double bonds

T or F: A molecule is a stereoisomer if it cannot be superimposed on its mirror image.

True

C4H8

Butene

Where are the halogens on the periodic table and which elements are they?

Group 7A F, Cl, Br, and I

What are nitrogenous heteroaromatics?

Non-benzenoid rings that contain nitrogen. ## Footnote (Hetero means other; these compunds have one or more atoms other than *carbon* in the ring. Nitrogenenous means that the other atom is a nitrogen atom.)

Heptane

C7H16 ## Footnote 7 carbons

Aromatic alcohols are called...

phenols _a benzene ring with one OH molecule attached_

Geometry of carbon carbon single bond

conformations around single bonds will rotate so that pieces are as far apart as possible for lowest energy state, aka _steric hindrance_

C2H4

Eth**_ene_**

In order for a carbon to be a chiral carbon, it must be bonded to how many _different_ groups?

The simplest amino acid

Glycine aminoethanoic acid

What is an alkene?

contains at least 1 carbon-carbon **_double bond,_** ## Footnote as well as carbon hydrogen bonds

C3H7

Propyl or Isopropyl (isomer of propyl group) \*not stable, missing a bond\*

Ethane

C2H6 ## Footnote 2 carbons

What is an aldehyde?

Contain a *_hydrogen_* bound to the carbonyl carbon (carbon double bonded to an oxygen)

Rules for naming an alkene.

Must specify where the double bond is, using lowest number possible Must specify *which side* of the double bond the _larger substituents_ are on, using "cis" and "trans"