Week 3 Derm/ Neuro

Question 1

What characterizes acne vulgaris?

Answer 1

comedones
papules
pustules
nodules
- all in a sebacous distribution

Question 2

Close comedone versus open comedone?

Answer 2

Closed = white head
Open = blackhead

Question 3

Mild acne?

Answer 3

comedones and a few papulopustules

Question 4

Moderate acne?

Answer 4

comedones
inflammatory papules
pustules

Question 5

Nodulcystic acne

Answer 5

comedones, inflammatory lesions, large nodules greater than 5 mm

Question 6

When do you culture skin acne lesions?

Answer 6

To rule out gram-negative folliculitis if patient does not repsond to long term abx

Question 7

Treatment of acne vulgaris?

Answer 7

combination of:

• topical retinoids
• antibiotic therapy

Question 8

What do retinoids do?

Answer 8

• reduce abnormal desquamation
• comedolytic
• antinflammatory effects
• normalize hyperproliferation
• normalize hyerperkeratinization

Question 9

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

Answer 9

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

Question 10

What does the epidermis consist of ?

Answer 10

outer layer of skin
new cells are made in the bottom layer (basal layer)
skin cancers usually start in the epidermia after sun exposure

Question 11

Dermis

Answer 11

Connective tissue
blood vessels
nerves
contains: hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerve endings

Question 12

Hypodermis

Answer 12

Fat tissue

connective tissue

Question 13

What is connective tissue?

Answer 13

• clusters of epithelial tissue that:
• forms organs
• binds tissues and organs together
• supports them in their location
• storage site for excess nutrients
• Has an abundance of extracellular matrix that surrounds a few cells - unlike epithelial tissue

Question 14

Tendon

Question 15

4 categories of connective tissue:

Answer 15

Loose
dense
elastic
reticular

Question 16

Loose connective tissue:

Answer 16

provides support and elasticity
i.e. 
deep layers of skin
blood vessels
nerves
body organs

Question 17

Dense connective tissue:

Answer 17

tendons
ligaments
made of higher density fibres
provides strength

Question 18

Elastic connective tissue examples (4)

Answer 18

Lungs
arteries
trachea
vocal cords

Question 19

Interactions between chemicals may affect:

Answer 19

Absorption 
Protein binding 
Receptor signalling
Bio transformation 
Excretion

Question 20

Synergistic effect

Answer 20

Combined response is greater than the sum of each (2 + 2= 20)

Question 21

Potentiation

Answer 21

When one substance doesn’t produce and effect unless added to another chemical (0 + 2 = 10).

Question 22

Antagonism

Answer 22

When 2 chemicals administered together interfere with each other’s action or the action of another (4 types).

Question 23

4 kinds of antagonism?

Answer 23

Receptor
Chemical
Dispositional
Functional antagonism

Question 24

Receptor antagonist

Answer 24

Two chemicals bind the same receptor and produce less than the fact that if they were separate

Question 25

Chemical antagonism

Answer 25

Also known as chemical inactivation. A direct chemical reaction between two compounds that produces a less toxic affect. Example is chelators binding to metallic ions such as arsenic, mercury, or lead

Question 26

Dispositional antagonism

Answer 26

Absorption, distribution, biotransformation, or excretion of a chemical is altered so that the concentration or duration of the target organ is reduced.

Question 27

Functional antagonism

Answer 27

Two chemicals counterbalance each other by producing opposing affects on the same function often through different signalling pathways. Example is barbiturates dropping blood pressure and norepinephrine increasing blood pressure.

Question 28

Cross tolerance

Answer 28

Structurally related chemicals cause a diminished response. Typically occurs after days or weeks of repeated exposure.

Question 29

Dispositional tolerance

Answer 29

Amount of chemical reaching site of action decreases over time. Leads to decreased responsiveness.

Question 30

Chemical or cellular tolerance

Answer 30

Results from a lower availability of receptors / mediators (neurotransmitters).

Question 31

What determines whether a toxic response occurs?

Answer 31

Chemical and physical properties of the chemical The exposure scenario How the chemical is metabolized by the system The concentration of the active form at the particular site The overall susceptibility of the biological system to injury

Question 32

4 categories of duration and frequency of chemical exposure?

Answer 32

Acute Subacute Subchronic Chronic