Week 3-L3-adrenal gland

Question 1

where are the adrenal gland found

Answer 1

above the kidney

Question 2

adrenal gland blood supply

Answer 2

many arterial supply but only single venous drainage

right adrenal vein drains into the IVC but left adrenal vein drains into renal vein

Question 3

draw gross anatomy of the adrenal gland

Answer 3

top->liver and spleen
middle adrenal glands and arterial supply
bottom kidney arterial and venous supply
across IVC and aorta

Question 4

micro anatomy of adrenal glands

Answer 4

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Question 5

adrenal cortex made up of

Answer 5

Zona glomerulosa, fasciculate and reticularis

Question 6

adrenal cortex secretion

Answer 6

corticosteriods e.g.cortisol

Question 7

adrenal medulla

Answer 7

catecholamines e.g. adrenaline

Question 8

corticosteroids

Answer 8

mineralocorticoids-aldosterone, glucocorticoids-cortisol, sex steroids-androgen and oestrogen

Question 9

catecholamines

Answer 9

adrenaline and noradrenaline and dopamine

Question 10

aldosterone secretion

Answer 10

zona glomerulosa

Question 11

cortisol androgen and oestrogen secretion

Answer 11

zona fasciculata and reticularis

Question 12

adrenal cortex micro anatomy

Answer 12

capsule, zona glomerulosa, fasciculata. reticularis and medulla where hormones are transported to the central vein to the blood stream

Question 13

what is a steroid

Answer 13

derived from cholesterol

Question 14

adrenal gland secretions precursor

Answer 14

cholesterol

Question 15

is adrenaline a steroid

Answer 15

no because it is not a cholesterol derived product

Question 16

number of carbon atoms in a cholesterol molecule

Answer 16

27

Question 17

enzyme definition

Answer 17

protein that catalyses a specific reaction

Question 18

enzyme involved with cholesterol->progesterone and which type of reaction

Answer 18

side chain cleavage to pregnenolone and 3-betahydroxy steroid dehydrogenase
oxidation reaction

Question 19

progesterone to mineralocorticoids

Answer 19

21->11 ->18 hydroxylase

Question 20

progesterone to glucocorticoids

Answer 20

17->21->11 hydroxylase

Question 21

aldosterone mechanism of action

Answer 21

stimulate Na+ reabsorption in the DCT, salt reabsorption
stimulates K+ and hydrogen secretion in DCT
increase in Na+ causes reabsorption of water and increase blood pressure while increasing the blood pH more alkaline

Question 22

aldosterone regulation

Answer 22

juxtaglomerular apparatur JGA- detects drop in BP aka decreased renal perfusion pressure and increase renal sympathetic activity. renin increase secretion in response to drop in blood pressure

Question 23

aldosterone function

Answer 23

controls blood pressure, control sodium levels and lowers potassium

Question 24

how is cortisol level regulated

Answer 24

by pituitary gland

Question 25

effects of cortisol

Answer 25

normal stress response hormone metabolic effects-peripheral protein catabolism, hepatic glucogenesis, incr blood glucose concentration, fat metabolism andhance effects of glucagon and catecholamines weak mineralocorticoids effects renal and cardiovascular effects-excretion of water load and incr vascular permeability

Question 26

when is cortisol level highest? lowest and how does it vary?

Answer 26

8am or early morning and lowest midnight and decrease during the day

Question 27

what kind of rhythm does cortisol follow

Answer 27

circadian rhythm

Question 28

Addison's disease

Answer 28

primary adrenal failure - do not produce enough steroid hormone autoimmune disease where the immune system destroy the adrenal cortex tuberculosis of adrenal gland most common cause pituitary gland incr ACTH and hence MSH

Question 29

Addison disease symptoms

Answer 29

low blood pressure weakness weight loss vertigo skin and good tan, hyperpigmentation, gastrointestinal nausea

Question 30

Addison disease tan cause

Answer 30

pro-opio-melanocortin (POMC) large precursor protein which forms ACTH and MSH. Addison disease cause incr in ACTH and therefore MSH which cause tanning

Question 31

Addison disease tan cause

Answer 31

pro-opio-melanocortin (POMC) large precursor protein which forms ACTH and MSH. Addison disease cause incr in ACTH and therefore MSH which cause tanning by melanocyte production

Question 32

Addison disease low blood pressure cause

Answer 32

absence of cortisol or aldosterone

Question 33

effects of Addison disease

Answer 33

``` cortisol deficiency, aldosterone deficiency, salt loss, low blood pressure, eventual death ```

Question 34

treatment of Addisonian crisis

Answer 34

rehydrate normal saline level give dextrose for hypoglycaemia-glucocorticoid deficiency hydrocortisone or another corticoid

Question 35

Cushing syndrome principle

Answer 35

excessive cortisol or glucocorticoid

Question 36

Cushing syndrome causes

Answer 36

steroid oral intake, pituitary dependent oedema ectopic ACTH- lung cancer adrenal adenoma/carcinoma

Question 37

too much cortisol cause

Answer 37

excess cortisol-tumour of adrenal | excess ACTH-tumour of pituitary

Question 38

Cushing syndrome clinical signs

Answer 38

purple striation, moon face, thin skin, proximal myopathy centripetal obesity, diabetes, hypertension and and osteoporosis, immunosuppression

Question 39

medulla derived frm

Answer 39

ectodermal neural crest

Question 40

adrenaline and NA synthesis precursors

Answer 40

tyrosine

Question 41

catecholamines storage and release

Answer 41

cytoplasmic granules and released with Ash response | sympathetic neurones

Question 42

roles of catecholamines

Answer 42

fight or flight response | incr cardio rate, sweating, inr blood glucose, alertness and vasoconstriction

Question 43

NA and adrenaline bound to

Answer 43

albumin

Question 44

NA and adrenaline degraded by

Answer 44

hepatic enzymes monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyl transferase