Week 3: Living Primates 2

Question 1

important primate characteristics

postorbital bar

Answer 1

• bony arch that bridges the lateral side of the eye socket in primates
• defining characteristic of primates
• allows primates to maintain a high level of visual acuity

Question 2

important primate characteristics

postorbital closure

Answer 2

• the presence of a bony septem separating the eye socket from the temporal region of the skull
• characteristic feature of haplorhine promates

Question 3

strepisirhines

Answer 3

• suborder of primates that includes the lemuriform primates
• sloping talofibular facet
• reduced upper incisors
• grooming claw
• tooth comb

Question 4

haplorhines

Answer 4

• “dry nosed”
• suborder of primates containing tarsiers and simians
• simians include catarrhines and platyrrhines

Question 5

prosimians

Answer 5

• group of primates that includes all living and extinct strepsirrhines
• as well as haplorhine tarsiers and their extinct relatives
• all except for simians

Question 6

anthropoids

Answer 6

• in the suborder haplorhini
• encompasses monkeys, apes, and humans
• characterized by features like a flat face, dry nose, small, immobile ears, forward facing eyes
• higher primates

Question 7

tarsiers

Answer 7

• post orbital plate
• unfused mandibular symphysis
• 2.1.3.3/1.1.3.3

Question 8

new world monkeys

platyrrhini

Answer 8

• diverse radiation including numerous small to medium taxa
• dental formula usually 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3
• widespread in south and central america
• locomotion; arboreal quadrupeds, suspensorial and leaping groups

Question 9

marmosets and tamarins

callitrichinae

Answer 9

• small with claws instead of nails
• 2.1.3.2/2.1.3.2
• diet: fruit, insects, exsudates
• locomotion; arboreal quadrupeds and leaping
• social systems varied, including polyandry, polygynandry and monogamy

Question 10

all other platyrrhines

Pitheciinae, Callicebinae, Aotinae, Atelinae & Cebinae

Answer 10

• larger 700g-10kg
• 2.1.3.3./2.1.3.3
• diet is diverse
• locomotion is diverse
• social systems varied

Question 11

old world monkeys

catarrhini

Answer 11

• diverse radiation including numerous small to large taxa
• dental formula 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3
• widespread in africa and asia
• locomotion: terrestrial quadropeds, arboreal quadrupeds, suspensorial and leaping groups
• two main groups: cercopithecoidea (monkeys) and hominoidea (apes)

Question 12

defining traits

cercopithecoidea

monkeys

Answer 12

• narrow nose
• narrow palate
• bilophodont molars
• long trunk

Question 13

defining traits

hominoidea

apes

Answer 13

• broad nose
• broad palate
• larger brain
• simple molars
• no tail
• short trunk
• long arms

Question 14

old world monkeys

cercopithecoidea

Answer 14

• diverse radiation including numerous small to large taxa
• dental formula 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3
• widespread in africa and asia
• locomotion: terrestrial quadropeds, arboreal quadropeds, some leaping
• two main groups: cercopithecinae and colobinae

Question 15

defining traits

cercopithecinae

cheek pouch monkeys

Answer 15

• narrow interorbital region
• broad incisors
• shallow jaw
• low cusps
• cheek pouches
• similar arms and legs

Question 16

defining traits

colobinae

leaf monkeys

Answer 16

• broad interorbital region
• narrow incisors
• deep jaw
• high cusps
• complex stomach
• short thumbs
• long lefs
• long tail

Question 17

leaf monkeys

colobines

Answer 17

• radiation adapted to leaf and seed eating
• widespread in africa and asia
• mostly arboreal (some exceptions) frequently good leapers
• large and complex stomachs like in ruminants
• short or absent thumbs

Question 18

cheek-pouched monkeys

• diverse radiation mostly adapted to frugivory
• widespread in africa, only one genus in asia
• smaller taxa arboreal, larger mostly terrestrial
• cheek pouches, large incisors

Question 19

what males an ape

Answer 19

no tail and unique elbow

Question 20

monkeys vs. apes

difference in thorax shape

Answer 20

apes: broad chest, flattened thorax
monkeys: narrow chest, deep thorax

Question 21

tribosphenic teeth

upper molar

Answer 21

Question 22

tribosphenic teeth

lower molar

Answer 22

Question 23

apes

hominoidea

Answer 23

• once diverse ratiation including small to large taxa
• dental formula 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3.3
• in africa and asia, worldwide (humans)
• locomotion: knuckle walking quadrupeds, suspensory brachiators, bipeds

Question 24

lesser apes

hylobatidae

Answer 24

• smallest apes, only in southeast asua
• the most primative apes, but in some ways also the most specialized ones
• locomotion - suspensory brachiators, sometimes bipeds
• extremely long forelimbs, long curved fingers
• diet mostly ripe fruit, with varying amounts of leaves and invertebrates
• live in monogamous families, very territorial

Question 25

different dentition

Answer 25

* apes - dryopithecus pattern * monkeys - bilophodont pattern

Question 26

# great apes our closest primate cousins

Answer 26

* chimpanzee * orangutan * gorilla

Question 27

# orangutan pongo pygmaeus

Answer 27

* live in southeast asia (borneo and sumatra) * extreme sexual dimorphism, with males 2x the body mass of females * locomotion - suspensory, slow quadrimanual climbing, on the ground quadrupedap using fists * extremely long forelimbs, short, but mobile legs * diet mostly ripe fruit, with varying amounts of leaves * social system: "noyau", quite solitaru

Question 28

# chimpanzee pan troglodytes

Answer 28

* relatively widely distributed in africa * live in diverse habitats, strong inter-group variability in behaviour * locomotion - knuckle walking on the ground, some climbing and suspensory behaviour * mostly frugivorous and foliovorous, but both vertebrates and invertebrates are eaten if available * social system: fission-fussion, males in group usually related while females move between groups