Week 3 - Medicaments and Clinical Processes Flashcards
(42 cards)
How are pharmaceutical preparations names
- According to TYPE OF BASE
- According to the way they are APPLIED
- According to their use
Scheduling of medicines and posions
- National classification systme that controls how medicines and chemicals are made available to public
- classified into schedules according to level of regulatory control over the availability of the medicine - to protect public
- states have different regulations
Schedule 2 medicines
Schedule 2: pharmacy medicines - available of the shelf at pharmacies
Schedule 3 medicines
(can be prescribed by Pod): Pharmacy only medicines - available without a prescription but behind the counter to elicit health advise before purchasing
Complementary medicines
Unscheduled, registered or listed
Fully evaluated by the TBA for quality, safety and efficiency, having a higher risk than listed medicines
Listed medicines
unscheduled medicines with well-known low risk ingredients - assessed by TGA for quality and safety but not efficiency
Can podiatrists dispense prescription medicines
No - requires a prescription from a dr or authorised HC professional
What medicines can podiatrists suggest
OTC medicines - for self treatment from pharmacies, available from supermarket, health food stores and other retailers
Complementary medicines - listed or registered depending on their ingredient and claims made
When recommending OTC medicines:
- Diagnose the condition
- decide on desired therapeutic objective (what Is the point of the medicine being recommended)
- select the medicine based on
- efficacy
- safety
- patient suitability
- cost
What is antimicrobial
Broad term for substances that act on bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. more specifically classified as antibiotics/antibacterials, antifungals etc
what is a haemostatics, examples and what they do
- agent that arrests or diminishes the flow of blood
Hydrogen peroxide - reduce capillary bleeding time by increasing the contractility and resistance and decreasing the permeability of the capillary wall
Styptic - arrest bleeding by contracting tissues to seal blood vessels
Anaesthetics
preparations that lessen sensitivity to pain by acting directly on nerve ending
block the action potention of pain sensing nerve fibres
general, local or topical
Analgesics and classified as:
lessen and relieve pain by removing the cause (e.g. inflammation) or changing response/percpetion of pain
Classified as:
-opiates
-non-opiated
-non-steroidal anti-inflam drugs (NSAIDS)
-Corticosteriods
Anti-inflammatory agents and classified as:
reduce inflammation
Classifed as:
- rubefacients
- heat and cold
- non steriodal anti- inflam drugs (nsaids)
Corticosteriods - glucocorticoids
Rubefacient
Produces mild local inflammation when apploed to skin
increases blood flow that flushes metabolites from area of chromic inflammation and relieves congestoins and stasis
Contradicted in acute inflam: acute inflam usually due to infection hence don’t want to increase blood flow to that area as it will make the infection spread further
Examples; deep heat
NSAIDS
reduce inflammation by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins at a variety of points in the metabolic pathway, used to treat MSK pain
Contradictions
- severe hepatic impairment
- GI bleeds
- Drug interactions
Corticosteriods - glucosteriods
act on cells to reduce arachidonic acid and hence prostaglandin production
have immunosuppressive effects
anti-inflammatory and vasocontrictive
cream - useful for ezcema reactions
can lead to atrophy of the skin and surrounding tissues and contradicted where infection is present
CONSIDER A REFFERAL TO DERMATOLOGIST
- diagnosis unclear
- repeated infections
condition is not controlled with topical treatment
Astringents and modes of actions
shrink cells or mucous membranes, decrease sweat and arrest discharge
2 modes of actions
- PROTIENT PRECIPITANT : shrink the cells of mucous membranes, destroy organic tissue, harden skin
-PHYSICAL CHANGES : evaporate quickly on the skin whilst causing constriction of the tissues, evaporating –> cooling
Antipruritics
Preparations that relieve itching (puritis)
Used in conditions associated with itching - tinea, ezcema, psoriasis, allergic reactions, xerosis
Anydrotics (antiperspirants)
reduce the flow of sweat
cooling action
invokes heat-regulating mechanisms
astringent action
Antopruritics examples
Local/topical anaesthetics
rubefacients
tar cream/solutions - coal tar, pinetarsal solution
cooling agents - calamine
antihistamines
Anhydrotic examples
Alcohol
Antiperspirants
Emollients vs moisturisers
Emollient = product used to soften skin
moisturiser = add moisture
Moisturiser and emollient preparaition
oil - least occlusive, thin layer deposited on skin
lotions - more occlusive than oils, higher water content
creams - more occlusive than lotions, higher water content
ointments - most occlusivem higher oil content
