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Anatomy > Week 3 part 1 > Flashcards

Week 3 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the spines start and end?

A

Cranium to the Coccyx

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2
Q

How many irregular bones are in the spine?

A

33 irregular bones (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral)

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3
Q

What does sacralization mean?

A

fifth lumbar vertebra is fused to the sacrum in varying degrees.

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4
Q

What does Lumbarization mean?

A

the first sacral vertebra is not fused to the rest of the sacrum. Due to this, it appears that there are six lumbar vertebrae and only four sacral vertebrae. Lumbarization of the spine can lead to certain clinical symptoms that can limit a patient’s movement and cause pain.

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5
Q

What does Lordosis mean and which irregular bone are they?

A
  1. Posterior concave curvature and convex anteriorly

2. Cervical and Lumbar

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6
Q

What does Kyphosis mean and which irregular bones are they?

A
  1. Posterior convex curvature

2. Thoracic, Sacral, Coccygeal

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7
Q

What is the body of the spine?

A

Weight bearing surface

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8
Q

Vertebral Arch?

A

Composed of the pedicles and the lamina

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9
Q

Vertebral foramen?

A

space created by the body and the vertebral arch

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10
Q

Vertebral Canal

A

Contains spinal cord and its coverings and created by successive vertebral foramina

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11
Q

Spinous Process

A

Extension posterior from the meetings of the lamina

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12
Q

Transverse process

A

lateral projections originating at junction of the lamina and pedicle

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13
Q

Superior articular process

A

2 superior projections from the superior portion of the lamina to form the synovial joints (Zygapophyseal joints) with the vertebra directly above

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14
Q

Inferior Articular Process

A

2 inferior projections from the inferior portion of the lamina to form the synovial joints (Zygapophyseal joints) with the vertebra directly below

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15
Q

Inferior Vertebral Notch

A

indentation of the inferior edge of the pedicle

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16
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

Space created by superior/inferior vertebral notch

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17
Q

What are some characteristics of the cervical spine?

A
  1. Extremely mobile
  2. Has complex series of joints
  3. Different functions of the IVD and ZPJ
  4. Vertebral Artery
  5. 7 vertebrae and 8 nerve roots
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18
Q

Atlas

A
  • C1 (Atypical vertebrae)
  • No spinous process or body
  • Articulates with the occipital condyles
  • Rotates on the axis
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19
Q

Axis

A
  • C2 (Atypical Vertebrae)

- Dens (or odontoid) projects superior, for rotation of the atlas

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20
Q

What are the joints between the occiput?

A

Atlas and Axis

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21
Q

What does the thoracic spine limit?

A

Extension

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22
Q

The thoracic spine is an attachment place for?

A

ribs

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23
Q

Lumbar Spine

A
  • Has heavy bodies for weight bearing

- Stout Transverse processes

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24
Q

Sacrum

A
  • 5 fused vertebrae
  • Base- superior facets of S1 articulate with inferior facets of L5
  • 4 sacral foramina that translate nerves S1 to S4
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25
Q

What are the joints of the spine?

A
  1. Intervertebral joint

2. Intervertebral disc

26
Q

Intervertebral joint

A
  1. symphyses
27
Q

Intervertebral disc

A
  1. Annulus fibrous

2. Nucleus Pulposus

28
Q

What are the ligaments of the spine?

A
  1. Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)
  2. Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)
  3. Ligamentum Flavum
  4. Interspinous Ligament
  5. Supraspinous Ligament
29
Q

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

A
  1. Supplied by nociceptive (pain) nerve endings
  2. Stabilizer
  3. Limits extension
  4. Attaches to the PLL and IVD
30
Q

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

A
  1. Foramen magnum –> Sacrum
  2. Anterior to neural sac and posterior to VB and IVD
  3. Thinnest part in the Lumbar spine
  4. well supplied by nociceptive nerve endings
  5. Attaches laterally to the ALL
    6Resists posterior disc herniation
31
Q

Ligamentum Flavum

A
  1. Lamina of each vertebral level
  2. Segmental- from lamina above to lamina below and vending together in the midline
  3. Reinforces medial capsule of ZPJ
  4. No nerve supply
  5. increase thickness with aging (spinal stenosis)
  6. Blends with interspinous ligament
32
Q

Interspinous Ligament

A
  1. Thin and membranous
  2. Resists separation of spinous processes (flexion)
  3. Segmental- fibers attached to ligamentum flava and fan horizontally to blend with supraspinous ligament
    - Nociceptive (pain) nerve endings
33
Q

Supraspinous Ligament

A
  1. Cord like and connects tips of spinous processes

- C7 to sacrum and merge superiorly with ligamentum nuchae

34
Q

In the Lumbar spine the thoracolumbar fascia does what?

A

attaches to the supraspinous ligament and creates IST complex

35
Q

What are the 3 layers of the back?

A
  1. Superficial muscles
  2. Intermediate Muscles
  3. Deep Muscles
36
Q

What muscles are included in the superficial muscles?

A
  1. Traps
  2. Latissimus Dorsi
  3. Levator Scapulae
  4. Rhomboid Major
  5. Rhomboid Minor
37
Q

What muscles are included in the intermediate muscles?

A
  1. Serratus Posterior Superior

2. Serratus Posterior inferior

38
Q

What muscles are included in the deep muscle?

A
  • It is 3 layers
    1. Superficial: Splenius Group
    2. Intermediate: Erector Spinae group
    3. Deep: Semispinalis, Multifidus, Rotatoics
39
Q

What are the muscles in the Erector muscles?

A

(I Love Standing)

  1. Iliocostal group
  2. Longissimus Group
  3. Spinalis Group
40
Q

Transversospinalis Group

A

short muscles in grooves b/w transverse and spinous processes of the vertebrae
ex) Rotatores, Multifidus, semispinalis spleniuscapitus

41
Q

What supplies the vertebra?

A

Periosteal and equatorial branches of the major cervical and segmental arteries and their spinal branches

42
Q

Characteristics of the spinal cord

A
  1. major reflex center and conduction pathway b/w body and brain
  2. Cylindrical Structure = flattened AP
  3. Protected by vertebrae, associated ligaments and muscles, spinal meninges (Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater) , and CSF
  4. Continuous with medulla oblongata of brain stem
43
Q

Spinal Cord Development

A
  1. Embryos
    - Cord occupies full length of vertebral canal. cord segments lie approx at vertebral level of same #. Spinal nerves exit laterally through corresponding IV foramen
  2. Fetal Period
    - Vertebral Column grows faster than cord. Cord “ascends” relative to vertebral canal
  3. Birth
    - Tip of conus medullaris is at L4/5. Cord is shorter than vertebral canal so spinal nerves exit obliquely
44
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/2

45
Q

Lumbar cistern

A

Enlargement of the subarachnoid space between the conus medullaris of spinal cord and inferior end of subarachnoid space and dura mater

46
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

47
Q

Where does C1 nerve exit?

A

between skull and atlas

48
Q

Where do cervical nerves exit?

A

Above their proper vertebrae

49
Q

Where does the change occur for nerves?

A

C7/T1. There are only 7 cervical vertebrae and 8 cervical nerves. C8 exits at C7/T1 then all subsequent nerves exit below their proper vertebrae

50
Q

Where does the lower lumbar , sacral and coccygeal nerves descend to?

A

cauda equina (horse tail)

51
Q

Where do spinal cords exit?

A

intervertebral foramina

52
Q

When nerves go through the intervertebral foramina they divided into?

A
  1. Ventral Primary Rami

2. Dorsal Primary Rami

53
Q

Ventral Primary Rami

A
  1. Travel Anterior providing motor and sensory innervation
  2. Form plexus in areas of concentrated innervation
    - Cervical C1-C4
    - Brachial C5-T1
    - Lumbar T12-L5
    Sacral L4-S5
54
Q

Dorsal Primary Rami

A

Travel posterior to innervate structures in the back

55
Q

Meninges?

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid Mater
  3. Pia Mater
56
Q

What are the effects of spinal Flexion?

A
  1. Elongation
  2. increase tension
  3. Sliding of neural contents in the canal
57
Q

Posterior columns of the cord are more what compared to the anterior columns

A

folded and twisted

58
Q

Laws of neurodynamics

A

Nerve geography relative to joint axes determines load (stress and strain)

59
Q

With Spinal Flexion the cord does what?

A

unfolds and lengthens

60
Q

With Spinal Extension the cord does what?

A

folds and shortens

61
Q

Zygapophyseal Joint

A
  1. Synovial joint
  2. Function = protect the IVD
  3. Allows flexion but also stops flexion to decrease shear on IVD

Anatomy (6 decks)

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