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PYB210 - Research Design and Data Analysis > Week 3 - Quantitive Research Methods Experimental Design and Control > Flashcards

Week 3 - Quantitive Research Methods Experimental Design and Control Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Research Design

A

Experimental
Quasi-Experimental
Non-Experimental

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2
Q

Experimental

A
  • Cause and effect
  • Manipulation
  • Control
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3
Q

Quasi-Experimental

A

Similar to experimental designs, however less randomisation of key independent variables

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4
Q

Non-Experimental

A

Relationship but not cause and effect

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5
Q

Reasons for using Non-Experimental Research

A
  • Ethical
  • Practical
  • Logistical
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6
Q

Types of Non-Experimental Research

A
  • Naturalistic observation
  • Case studies
  • Survey research
  • Evaluation research
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7
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Non-invasive recording/measurement of variables

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8
Q

Case studies

A

Intensive study of individual subject

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9
Q

Evaluation Research

A

examining effect of intervention (policy or practice)

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10
Q

Internal Validity

A

How sound is the design, how strongly can we assert that changes in our DV are down to our IV and not other things we haven’t controlled

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11
Q

External Validity

A

How generalisable are our findings, how representative of the real world

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12
Q

Experimental Manipulation

A

Experimenter determines which level of the IV a participants is tested at

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13
Q

Individual Difference Manipulation

A

A characteristic of the participant determines the level of the IV at which they are tested

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14
Q

Types of Experimental Research

A

Repeated Measures
Between Groups
Mixed

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15
Q

Repeated measures

A

each participant tested at each level of the IV

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16
Q

Between Groups

A

each participant tested at only one level of the IV

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17
Q

Mixed

A

More than one IV with at least one IV manipulated between groups and at least one within groups

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18
Q

Factorial

A

More than one IV

19
Q

Variability

A

whether the variation in the DV between groups is different from the normal variation in the DV within groups

20
Q

Compress

A

Minimise the variation within groups/levels of iV

21
Q

Seperation

A

Good IV operationalisation - including as extreme or distinctly separate levels of your IV as possible

22
Q

Selection Process

A
  • Self-assignment
  • Experiment-assignmnet
  • Arbitrary-assignment
  • Random assignment
23
Q

Random Assignment

A

Ensures that every member has an equal chance of being assigned to any group

24
Q

Matching

A

Use of a variety of techniques to equate participants in the treatment groups on specific variables

25
Q

Individual/Precision Matching

A

creating pairs whose subjects have identical scores on matching variables

26
Q

Problems with repeated measures designs

A
  • Order effects
  • Carry over effects
27
Q

Order effects

A

Practice effects - improvements may occur due the exposure to the condition
Fatigue effects - repeated completion of DV measure lead to tiredness or boredom

28
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Breaking sample into subsets who will experience the different conditions in different orders

29
Q

Randomised counterbalancing

A

sequence of conditions is randomly determined for each participant

30
Q

Intra-subject counterbalancing

A

Participants take treatments in more than one order

31
Q

Complete counterbalancing

A

all possible sequences of treatment conditions are used - participants randomly assigned to a given sequence

32
Q

Incomplete counterbalancing

A

not all possible sequence is used

33
Q

Carry over effects

A

Simple - performance on DV is contaminated by effects of previous condition
Differential - Carry-over effects of one condition of the IV differ depending on the order in which the conditions are completed

34
Q

Maturation

A

changes due to natural development

35
Q

History

A

external events that affect participants during the study

36
Q

Threats to Experiments Validity

A

Experimenter Effects
Participant Effects
Situational Effects

37
Q

Experimenter Effects

A

Measurement Issues
Control of recording errors
Attribute effects
Control of attribute errors
Experimenter expectancies

38
Q

Control for Experimenter Effects

A

Double-Blind Method - experimenter and participant unaware
Partial Blind Technique - experimenter
Automation - totally automating a study

39
Q

Experimenter expectancies

A

The likely response of participants to the study and its manipulations may lead to subtle differences in the way the experimenter interacts with participants which leads to differences in outcomes

40
Q

Rosenthal effect

A

differential attitude or attention conveyed to participant expected to respond most favourably to the study

41
Q

Golem effect

A

Differential attitude or attention conveyed to participant expected to respond least favourably to the study

42
Q

Participant effects

A

Demand characteristics - participants getting an idea about what the study is about
Social desirability - participant performs in a way they think is desired
Hawthorne effect - participant performance improves due to attention received from the study

43
Q

Control for participant effect

A
  • double-blind method
  • single bling method
  • deception

PYB210 - Research Design and Data Analysis (11 decks)

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