Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

GEOL200 > Week 3- Seawater > Flashcards

Week 3- Seawater Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Polar molecule

A

Attract particles with negative and positive ends
ex. water molecules creating hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cohesion

A

Water attracts water creating surface tension (hydrogen bonds)
- Explains why there are droplets of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adhesion

A

Stick to surfaces
- Electrostatic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is water considered a universal solvent?

A

Bc it is a polar molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy an object has bc of its motion
- Water in all states creates kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Heat

A

Amount of energy tranferred from one body to another due to temperature differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Calorie

A

Amount of heat required to raise the temp of one gram of water by 1 degree celcius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Temperature

A

A direct measure of av kinetic energy of the molecules that make up a substance
(response to addition oor removal of heat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Water in solid state

A

Molecules vibrate and stay in same position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Water in liquid state

A

More kinetic energy, bonds are starting to be broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Water in gas state

A

More kinetic energy, all bonds broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Heat capacity

A

Measure of the heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celcius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Low heat capacity

A

Sand
Heats up quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

High heat capacity

A

Water
Heats up slowly
*One of the highest heat capacities on the planet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Latent heat

A

When water undergoes a change of state a large amount of heat is absorbed or released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Latent heat of condensation

A

Energy released to atmosphere when going from water vapour to liquid
*Powers tropical storms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Thermostatic properties

A

Act to moderate temp changes and maintain bearable temp on earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Global thermostatic effects

A

Transfers heat from the tropics towards the poles
Moderates global temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Density of pure water

A

1.0g/cm3 at 3.98 degrees celsius is the max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens to density as heat is removed from water?

A

It increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to water when density is at its max?

A

Water molecules start to occupy less volume and water undergoes a phase change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens to the density of water as it freezes

A

It expands and density decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why does ice float?

A

Forms a crystal lattice structure and is less dense than water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many mols does a liquid have in its crystal lattice structure?

A

27

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How many mols does a solid have in its crystal lattice structure?
24
26
What is the bond angle of the crystal lattice structure of water?
105 to 109 degrees
27
What percentage of sea water is pure?
96.5% pure water 3.5% dissolved solids
28
What does the presence of dissolved solids do to freezing point of seawater?
Reduces freezing point to -1.91 degrees celsius and lowers latent heat by 4%
29
Why is salinity important?
Make life in ocean possible Affects ocean circulation Provides info about palaeo-oceanic conditions
30
What is salinity?
Total amount of solid material dissolved in water, including dissolved gasses
31
How much salinity in one kilogram of seawater?
34.4% parts per thousand
32
Major ions representing 99% of all dissolved solids
1. Chlorine 2. Sodium 3. Sulphate 4. Magnesium 5. Calcium 6.Potassium 7. Bicarbonate
33
What is the most dominant component in seawater?
Chloride (19.4 g/kg)
34
Major dissolved gases in seawater
1. Nitrogen (48%) 2. Oxygen (36%) 3. Carbon dioxide (15%)
35
Solubility
Amount of a dissolved gas that the water can hold under a particular set of conditions
36
Saturation
Amount of gas currently dissolved in water
37
Undersaturated
More gas can dissolve
38
Saturated or supersaturated
Gas may be released
39
Are most gases saturated in the ocean?
Yes, such as nitrogen Not O2 and CO2 bc they're rapidly used by organisms
40
When does solubility of a gas increase?
With increasing pressure and decreased temp ex. as we get deeper we dissolve more N and O2
41
Why does the amount of O2 decrease as we get deeeper?
- O2 comes from atmospheric diffusion (happens at surface) - Organisms that perform photosynthesis create O2 using sunlight which happens close to surface
42
What happens to CO2 as we get deeper?
It increases
43
What does OML/OMZ stand for and how deep is it?
Oxygen minimum layer or zone 200-1000m
44
What is the OML/OMZ?
When O2 saturation is at its lowest - No input from atmosphere or photosynthesis - Output via respiration and decomposition
45
O2 saturation Atlantic vs Pacific
Pacific has a lower amount of dissolved O2 Atlantic has newer water molecules that allow for O2 to dissolve
46
How do we measure salinity?
Salinometer Measures the electrical conductivity of seawater
47
Chloride in ocean
Accounts for 55% of total proportion of dissolved solids anywhere in ocean
48
What equation can we use to find salinity?
Salinity= 1.80655 x chlorinity
49
Principle of constant proportions
Ration of dissolved solids in the ocean is constant no matter where you are **Forchhammer's principle
50
Ratio of dissolved solids
Chloride= 55% Sodium = 30.6% Sulphate= 7.7% others ones are small
51
How do ions enter the ocean?
- River discharge - Volcanic eruptions - Hydrothermal activity in mid-ocean ridge
52
Residence time
Average length of time that an ion spends in the ocean - Times vary depending on how chemically active an ion is (More chemically active= less likely to stay in same form for a long time)
53
Dissolved solids in seawater vs freshwater
Chloride is 10.1% in fresh water and other compositions are very different from sea water **due to residency
54
Longer residence times
More abundant in the ocean ex. the most abundant dissolved solids in the ocean have long residence times
55
Why isn't the ocean getting saltier?
Removal rate of ions= addition rate of ions
56
How are ions removed from the ocean?
- Biological processes (coccolithophores), absorption and precipitation - Sea spray - Biological processes - Hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridge
57
What decreases salinity?
Adding water - River discharge/run off - Melting ice - Precipitation
58
What increases salinity?
Removing water - Evaporation - Formation of sea ice
59
Halocline
Layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth
60
Salinity at higher latitudes
Salinity increases with depth
61
Salinity at lower latitudes
Salinity decreases as depth increases
62
What is sea water density?
1.022 to 1.030 g/cm3 *Increases with depth
63
Three main density zones
1. Surface zone 2. Pycnocline 3. Deep zone
64
Surface zone of sewater
Density and salinity don't change much
65
Pycnocline
Depth of seawater at which density rapidly increases
66
Deep zone of seawater
Density doesn't change much
67
Temp and density
Temp increases, density decreases
68
Salinity and density
Salinity increases, Density increases
69
Pressure and density
Pressure increases, density increases
70
Latitude and changes to seawater
As latitude increases, its colder and surface zone and pycnocline don't extend to the poles
71
What has the greatest influence on density?
Temperature
72
What is the pycnocline also considered?
A thermocline Rapidly changing temperature in this zone (decreases with depth)

GEOL200 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions