Week 3: Skin, hair and nails. Head, face and neck

Question 1

list the epidermal appendages

Answer 1

hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, eccrine glands, apocrine glands and nails

Question 2

layers of skin

Answer 2

epidermis (basal cell layer and horny cell layer), dermis (connective tissue and elastic tissue) and subcutaneous (adipose tissue) layer

Question 3

functions of skin

Answer 3

• Protection
• Prevents penetration
• Perception
• Temperature regulation
• Identification
• Communication
• Wound repair
• Absorption and excretion
• Production of vitamin D

Question 4

Which individuals are most at risk for skin cancer?

Answer 4

• History of skin cancer
• Under 18 years
• Fair skinned
• Have freckles or moles
• Have a family history
• Using medications that increase sensitivity to UV rays

Question 5

ABCDE rule for skin self-examination

Answer 5

A: asymmetry
B: Border irregularity
C: Colour variation
D: Diameter
E: Elevation and enlargement

Question 6

common shapes and configurations of lesions

Answer 6

• Annular or circular
• Confluent
• Discrete
• Grouped
• Gyrate
• Target or iris
• Linear
• Polycyclic
• Zosteriform

Question 7

primary skin lesions

Answer 7

• Macule
• Papule
• Patch
• Plaque
• Nodule
• Wheal
• Tumour
• Urticaria (hives)
• Vesicle
• Cyst
• Bulla
• Pustule

Question 8

secondary skin lesions

Answer 8

• Crust
• Scale
• Fissure
• Erosion
• Ulcer
• Excoriation
• Scar
• Atrophic scar
• Lichenification
• Keloid

Question 9

Pressure ulcers

Answer 9

Appear on the skin over a bony prominence
when circulation is impaired (confined to bed, immobilized)

Question 10

risk factors for pressure ulcers

Answer 10

impaired mobility, thin fragile skin of aging, decreased sensory perception, impaired level of consciousness, moisture from urine or stool incontinence, excessive perspiration or wound drainage, shearing injury, poor nutrition, and infection

Question 11

A patient who is admitted for liver
failure would be likely to show which of the following skin changes?

Answer 11

Jaundice

Question 12

list the 4 cranial bones

Answer 12

frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

Question 13

three pairs of salivary glands and their location

Answer 13

1. Parotid glands are in cheeks over mandible, anterior to and below
   ear; the largest of salivary glands they are not normally palpable
2. Submandibular glands beneath mandible at angle of jaw
3. Sublingual glands lie in the floor of the mouth

Question 14

two major neck muscles

Answer 14

1. Sternomastoid enables head rotation and flexion and divides
   each side of neck into two triangles: anterior and posterior
   triangles
2. Two trapezius muscles move shoulders and extend and turn head

Question 15

thyroid gland and functions

Answer 15

Thyroid gland an important endocrine
gland straddles trachea in middle of the neck. Synthesizes and secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are hormones that stimulate rate of
cellular metabolism

Question 16

lymphatic system

Answer 16

an extensive vessel
system, is major part of immune system,
which detects and eliminates foreign
substances from body

Question 17

what are nodes?

Answer 17

Nodes are small, oval clusters of lymphatic tissue that filter lymph
and engulf pathogens, preventing potentially harmful substances from entering the circulation

Question 18

lymph nodes and their locations

Answer 18

 Preauricular, in front of ear
 Posterior auricular (mastoid), superficial to mastoid process
 Occipital, at base of skull
 Submental, midline, behind tip of mandible
 Submandibular, halfway between
angle and tip of mandible
 Jugulodigastric, under angle of mandible
 Superficial cervical, overlying sternomastoid muscle
 Deep cervical, deep under sternomastoid muscle
 Posterior cervical, in posterior triangle along edge of trapezius
muscle
 Supraclavicular, just above and behind clavicle, at sternomastoid
muscle