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Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Acquired

A

developed at any stage during life

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2
Q

Acute

A

recent in onset

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3
Q

Aetiology

A

cause of the illness/disease

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4
Q

Afferent

A

Information coming into the CNS

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5
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

middle layer - contains cerebral spinal fluid

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6
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary - controls glands, organs and smooth muscle. Subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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7
Q

Axon

A

part of neuron - nerve fibre

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8
Q

Axon terminal

A

where neural information is transmitted to the next dendrite

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9
Q

Broca’s

A

Located in frontal lobe. Responsible for communication. Eg speech

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10
Q

Central Nervous System

A

(CNS) Comprised of brain, brainstem and spinal cord

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11
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Brain is divided into left and right hemispheres

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12
Q

Congenital

A

developed prior to birth

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13
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite sides. Ie left side controls right side of body and vice versa

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14
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connects left and right hemispheres

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15
Q

Deep Senses

A

pressure, vibration, muscle pain, proprioception, muscle and joint length

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16
Q

Degenerative

A

worsening over time

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17
Q

Dendrite

A

Part of a neuron - submits message towards soma

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18
Q

Diagnosis

A

identification of the illness/disease

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19
Q

Diffuse

A

illness/injury over locations/spread

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20
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) that helps transmit signals between nerve cells in the brain. It plays an important role in various brain functions such as movement, motivation, reward, and pleasure. Produced in the substantia nigra, the ventral tegmental area, and the hypothalamus.

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21
Q

Dura mater

A

tough fibrous (outer membrane)

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22
Q

Efferent

A

Information leaving the CNS

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23
Q

Epinephrine

A

Also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter. It plays a crucial role in the body’s “fight or flight” response to stress, which is a physiological response that prepares the body to respond to a perceived threat or danger.
It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels, and it also dilates the airways in the lungs, which allows for more oxygen to enter the body.

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24
Q

Extrinsic aetiology

A

injury to the nervous system from external injury

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25
Fissures
deep divides. Ie between hemispheres
26
Focal
illness/injury is in a specific location
27
Formulation in the nervous system
Formulating a response to a stimuli
28
Frontal lobe
Largest part of brain - controls executive function, behaviour. Contains motor cortex, olfactory bulb, Broca's area
29
Gaba
an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning that it helps to reduce the activity of nerve cells in the brain and central nervous system. GABA is involved in regulating various brain functions, including anxiety, stress, sleep, and muscle tone.
30
Glutamate
A neurotransmitter that plays a role in many different physiological processes, including learning, memory, and neuronal development. It is also involved in the regulation of appetite, and has been implicated in certain neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease.
31
Grey Matter
Nerve cells (neurons)
32
Gyrus/gyri
bump/mountain like structures in the brain
33
Heschyl's
located in temporal lobe, comprehension
34
Insula
located deep within cerebrum. Responsible for taste, processing emotion, compassion, empathy, perception of self, cravings and addiction
35
Interneuron
communicates with other neurons
36
Intrinsic aetiology
from within the neurological system/nervous system
37
Lobes
part of the brain - frontal, temporal, parietal, Occipital, insula
38
Meninges
A covering around the CNS (PAD acronym)
39
Motor neuron
communicates directly with muscle
40
Motor strip/ pre-central gyrus
located anteriorly to central sulcus responsible for voluntary movement
41
Myelin
white fatty wrapping around neuronal axons - helps to transmit the information
42
Neurons
Nerve cells Primary function is to send neural information Different types - Sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons
43
Neuroplasticity
Ability of our nervous system to develop new pathways and change ways of learning
44
Neurotransmitter
Molecules that help neurons communicate with target synapses. Released by neurons. Eg Dopamine, Gaba, Glutamate, Serotonin
45
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter involved in the "fight or flight" response of the body. It plays a key role in regulating blood pressure, heart rate, and glucose metabolism. It also modulates attention, arousal, and mood, and is involved in the body's response to stress.
46
Occipital lobe
primary area for visual processing
47
Parasympathetic
Inhibition - involuntary. Slowing of responses. Eg slowing down heart rate
48
Parietal lobe
Comprehension of written information and cognition, phonological processing development
49
Parkinson's
A disorder of the CNS. Progressive degeneration with loss of cells that produce dopamine. Impacts movement. Eg involuntary movement (tremors and decreased mobility)
50
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS) Outside of CNS, 31 pairs spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves and sensory receptors
51
Pia mater
thin - adheres to brain
52
Processing in the nervous system
making sense of information
53
Prognosis
trajectory/course of illness/disease
54
Regulation in the nervous system
The mechanisms and processes that maintain normal functioning
55
Retitonic organisation
organisation of visual pathways according to retina
56
Senses
Superficial senses Deep senses Special senses
57
Sensory Neuron
Communicates sensory information
58
Serotonin
a neurotransmitter that is involved in many physiological processes in the body, including mood regulation, sleep, appetite, and the regulation of certain functions of the cardiovascular, muscular, and endocrine systems. It is commonly associated with feelings of well-being, happiness, and contentment, and is sometimes referred to as the "happy hormone".
59
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary. Eg conscious motor movement, production of sound
60
Somatic organisation (homunculus)
refers to the specific part of the body mapped to the CNS
61
Special Senses
vision, hearing, smell, tase
62
sulci
shallower divides. Eg dividing the lobes
63
Superficial senses
Sensed on/at the body's surface - pain, touch, temperature
64
Sympathetic
Excitation - Involuntary. Known as fight or flight. Eg speeds up heart
65
Synapses
Or synapse cleft - communication between two neurons
66
Systemic aetiology
from other organs but disrupt neuromuscular function
67
Temporal lobe
auditory and receptive language processing. Contains Heschl's and Wernicke's area
68
Tonotopic organisation
organisations of sounds within auditory nerve
69
Vascular aetiology
from the circular/vascular system
70
Wernicke's
located in temporal lobe, responsible for receptive language
71
White matter
pathways (like insulation)

Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology (4 decks)

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