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Hsci 212 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Can viruses have both DNA and RNA

A

No

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2
Q

What is a viruses genome surrounded by

A

A protein capsid with or without a phospholipid membrane studded with viral glycoproteins

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3
Q

What are the 4 virus shapes

A

Helical RNA
Polyhedral(icosahedral) DNA
Enveloped RNA
Complex DNA

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4
Q

A viral structure consists of

A

Nucleic acid + capsid(protein coat) +/- envelope +/- spikes

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5
Q

4 examples of viruses with envelopes

A

HIV
Influenza
Herpesvirus
SARS-CoV2

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6
Q

What are the advantages of a viral envelope

A

Glycoproteins help to bind to receptors on host cell

Host derived lipid bilayer help evade immune system

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7
Q

Disadvantages of viral envelope

A

Lipid bilayer makes enveloped virus more susceptible to detergents, alcohol, and dessication

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8
Q

How to viruses attach to cells

A

Viral proteins bind to receptors on host cell

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9
Q

Five steps of viral lifecycle

A

Attachment
Entry
Genome replication and gene expression
Assembly
Release

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10
Q

What is tissue tropism

A

Receptor is tissue specific

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11
Q

What are the two RNA strand types

A

Positive strand and negative strand

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12
Q

Can a positive strand RNA be immediately translated by the host cell

A

Yes

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13
Q

Can a negative strand RNA be immediately translated by the host cell

A

No it needs to be transcribed into a positive strand by RNA dependent RNA polymerase

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14
Q

What is special about what a retrovirus does with its genetic material

A

Turns its +ssRNA into +ssDNA using reverse transcriptase. The DNA is then integrated into the hosts DNA

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15
Q

What is an integrated viral genome called

A

Provirus

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16
Q

What is a persistent viral infection

A

When a virus is not cleared by the immune system

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17
Q

What are the two types of persistent viruses

A

Latent and chronic

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18
Q

What is a latent virus

A

A virus that lies dormant in a cell in a process called latency. Undetectable by immune system.

19
Q

What is an example of a latent virus

A

HIV.
Small pox lying latently before reactivating later in life as shingles

20
Q

What is a chronic viral infection

A

Virus which the body cannot eliminate. Evades immune system

21
Q

How are viruses diagnosed

A

Electron microscopy
Identify cell abnormalities with light microscope
Enzyme immunoassay
Nucleic acid amplification tests

22
Q

What is a cytopathic effect

A

Cell abnormality due to viral infection

23
Q

What is enzyme immunoassay

A

Antibodies are used to detect virus by attaching to specific biomollecules called antigens.
Wash is applied to clear unattached antibodies.
Substrate is added to change colour of remaining antigens which indicates the virus.

24
Q

What is host range

A

Type of cells a virus can infect

25
What is antigenic drift
Point mutations causing slight changes in spike proteins
26
Antigenic shift
Major changes in spik proteins due to reassortment
27
How many people were living with HIV in 2023
39.9 million
28
HIV incidence 2023
1.3 million
29
HIV death 2023
630000
30
Is HIV and AIDS the same
No AIDs is a medical condition induced by HIV
31
What is AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome, Immune system too weak to fight infection
32
What are the features of HIV
Enveloped Bullet shaped capsid Contains reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease Has two copies of RNA
33
What type of cells does HIV target
CD4+
34
What are the steps in the HIV lifecycle
1) binding: attach to host cell surface 2) fusion: fuse with membrane RNA, reverse transcriptase, integrase and other proteins enter cell 3) reverse transcription: RNA->DNA from reverse transcription 4) integration: viral DNA integrated into host DNA 5) replication: viral DNA copied into more viral RNA which makes viral proteins 6) assembly: the RNA and proteins move to cell surface and form immature HIV 7) budding: virus released thanks to protease and matures
35
What is the role of reverse transcriptase
Convert RNA to DNA
36
What is the role of integrase
Integrate viral DNA into host DNA
37
Why is HIV hard to treat
High mutation Latency Integrate DNA into host genome
38
At what parts of HIV lifecycle do ARTs affect
Fusion Reverse transcription Integration Budding
39
What type of ARTs affect reverse transcription
Nucleoside and non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI and NNRTI)
40
What is the UNAIDS 90-90-90
90% diagnosed 90% of that on treatment 90% of that suppressed
41
What is Treatment as prevention
Getting early testing and treatment of HIV to become undetectable in viral load and not transmit HIV
42
What is PrEP
Using cART without HIV to prevent contracting the virus
43
What is PEP
Emergency cART for after exposure

Hsci 212 (6 decks)

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