WEEK 4

Question 1

What is organic chemistry?

Answer 1

The study of carbon-based compounds with covalent bonds.

Question 2

What are the four categories of organic molecules?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 3

Why is carbon so versatile?

Answer 3

It forms 4 covalent bonds, creating chains, branches, and rings.

Question 4

What is a functional group?

Answer 4

A group of atoms that gives molecules specific properties.

Question 5

What are some key functional groups?

Answer 5

Hydroxyl (-OH), Carbonyl (>C=O), Carboxyl (-COOH), Amino (-NH₂), Phosphate (-PO₄), Methyl (-CH₃)

Question 6

What is a macromolecule?

Answer 6

A large molecule made of repeating units called monomers.

Question 7

Difference between monomer and polymer?

Answer 7

Monomer: single unit; Polymer: chain of monomers

Question 8

What is polymerization?

Answer 8

The process of building polymers from monomers.

Question 9

What reaction builds polymers?

Answer 9

Dehydration synthesis

Question 10

What is removed during dehydration synthesis?

Answer 10

Water (H₂O)

Question 11

What breaks down polymers?

Answer 11

Hydrolysis

Question 12

What is added during hydrolysis?

Answer 12

Water (H₂O)

Question 13

What is a carbohydrate?

Answer 13

A molecule made of sugars; provides energy.

Question 14

Are carbohydrates water-soluble?

Answer 14

Yes, due to polar hydroxyl groups.

Question 15

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 15

A single sugar molecule

Question 16

Three examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 16

Glucose, galactose, fructose

Question 17

Two forms of monosaccharides?

Answer 17

Linear and ring

Question 18

What is an isomer?

Answer 18

Compounds with the same formula, different structure

Question 19

Why are glucose, galactose, and fructose isomers?

Answer 19

Same formula (C₆H₁₂O₆), different structures

Question 20

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 20

Two monosaccharides linked together

Question 21

Examples of disaccharides?

Answer 21

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 22

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 22

A long chain of sugar units

Question 23

Three important polysaccharides?

Answer 23

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

Question 24

How do we obtain carbohydrates?

Answer 24

By eating plant-based foods

Question 25

Main function of glucose?

Answer 25

Quick energy for cells

Question 26

What happens with excess glucose?

Answer 26

Stored as fat or glycogen

Question 27

What if blood sugar is too low?

Answer 27

Liver releases glucose from glycogen

Question 28

What is a lipid?

Answer 28

A nonpolar molecule used for energy storage, insulation

Question 29

Do lipids dissolve in water?

Answer 29

No, they are nonpolar

Question 30

How do lipids differ from other macromolecules?

Answer 30

They don’t form true polymers

Question 31

Four main types of lipids?

Answer 31

Fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, steroids, waxes

Question 32

What is a fatty acid?

Answer 32

Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group

Question 33

How are fatty acids classified?

Answer 33

Saturated or Unsaturated

Question 34

What is a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 34

No double bonds; straight chain; solid at room temp

Question 35

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 35

One or more double bonds; bent chain; liquid at room temp

Question 36

What is a triglyceride?

Answer 36

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 37

How are triglycerides formed?

Answer 37

Dehydration synthesis; releases 3 water molecules

Question 38

How do we obtain triglycerides?

Answer 38

From dietary fats and oils

Question 39

Why are saturated fats solid at room temp?

Answer 39

Straight chains pack tightly

Question 40

Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temp?

Answer 40

Bent chains prevent tight packing

Question 41

Where are triglycerides stored in humans?

Answer 41

In adipose tissue

Question 42

Function of triglycerides in animals?

Answer 42

Energy storage, insulation, cushioning

Question 43

What is a phospholipid?

Answer 43

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group

Question 44

Which part of a phospholipid is the head?

Answer 44

Phosphate group (polar)

Question 45

Which part is the tail?

Answer 45

Fatty acids (nonpolar)

Question 46

What does amphipathic mean?

Answer 46

Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

Question 47

Which region is hydrophilic?

Answer 47

Head

Question 48

Which region is hydrophobic?

Answer 48

Tails

Question 49

How do phospholipids behave in water?

Answer 49

Form bilayers with heads outward, tails inward

Question 50

Function of a phospholipid?

Answer 50

Main component of cell membranes

Question 51

What is a steroid?

Answer 51

Lipid with a four-ring structure

Question 52

What is cholesterol?

Answer 52

A steroid found in membranes; precursor to hormones

Question 53

Role of steroid-based hormones?

Answer 53

Regulate body functions like growth and metabolism