week 4 Flashcards
(25 cards)
long term memory
declarative = explicit non-declarative = implicit
declarative memory
facts (sematic)
events (episodic)
medial temporal lobe (diencephalon)
non-declarative memory
implicit procedural (skills & habits) = striatum priming = neocortex simple classical conditioning - emotional responses = amygdala - skeletal muscle = cerebellum non associative learning = reflex pathways (spinal cord)
brain regions involved in spatial learning
hippocampus
regions involved in LTP
CA1 region hippocampus
LTP is REQUIRED FOR learning (but don’t not = memory)
effects of clocking NMDA receptors on memory
inhibits induction of memory and prevents learning
increased hippocampal memory
also enhance stable, long lasting change in synaptic function via transcription regulation
signaling pathways in LTP induction and acquisition
mTOR = regulation of mRNAs transcribed locally @ synapses
mutations in AUTISM
MAINTAINING CONSOLIDATED LTP & memory
CREB = regulates neuronal excitability & memory allocation
txn factor needed for memory
effect of blocking protein synthesis on associative learning
blocks associative learning
ex: tone & shock given to mouse experiement
memory extinction
exposure to conditioned stimulus w/o unconditioned stimulus doesn’t erase memory of association
form NEW memory that conditioned stimulus doesn’t predict unconditioned stimulus (not associated)
fear extinction
medial prefrontal cortex can inhibit amydgala association with fear and memories
DECREASED MPFC in PTSD = increased amygdala activation = fear response
Ras-GAP mutation in NF1
increased Ras activation due to mutation in Ras-GAP protein (normally inhibits Ras activation) = benign tumor & neuro deficits
hippocampal learning deficits
hypoactivation in cortical areas during spatial working memory tasks
degree of hypo activation correlates with amount of deficit in prefrontal cortex
statin effects on Ras in NF1
decreases activation of Ras
rescue electrophysiologic and cognitive deficits of NF1 mice
(simvastatin)
hippocampus function
formation of long term memories
spatial navigation
declarative memory = facts & events
damage to hippocampus
can’t form new memories
loss of declarative memory formation
ex: Alzheimer’s disease, medial temporal love epilepsy, anoxia, herpes encephalitis
amygdala function
fear
emotion
increases HPA axis increased cortisol
amygdala damage
decreased fear, decreased ability to recognize fear
abnormal activity in PTSD = increased fear response
mammillary bodies
formation of memory
mammillary body damage
anterograde amnesia
ex: OSA, chronic alcoholism
medial temporal lobe
declarative/ long term memory
1st area affected in Alzheimer’s Disease = enterohinal cortex
2nd hippocampus & limbic cortex
3rd = associated neocortical areas
frontal cortex
higher level cognitive function
organization/planning
doesn’t complete development until 20s
1st area to degenerate in normal aging
damage to frontal cortex
loss of control/planning, irreverent impatient, incosiderated, profane
ex: frontotemporal dementia
Phineus Gage
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
decision making
planning
working memory (form of short term memory)
ex: remembering phone number –> then cleared for new task
