Week 4 - Chapter 4

Question 1

What model of attention proposes a filter that lets attended stimuli through and blocks some or all of the unattended stimuli?

Answer 1

Filter Model of Attention (Broadbent, 1950’s)

Question 2

Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention is also called what?

Answer 2

Early Selection Model

Question 3

The Attenuator occurs in what model of attention?

Answer 3

Treisman’s Attenuation Model of Selective Attention (1964)

Question 4

Incoming messages attended to pass through the attenuator at ______ strength, while unattended messages pass through with ___________ strength

Answer 4

Full, Reduced

Question 5

Treisman’s Model of Selective Attention has also been called what?

Answer 5

Leaky Filter Model

Question 6

What model of selective attention proposes that selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after the information in the message has been analyzed for meaning?

Answer 6

Late Selection Model of Attention (McKay, 1973)

Question 7

Low-load tasks, refers to tasks with low perceptual loads, and use up a ______ amount of a person’s processing capacity.

Answer 7

Small

Question 8

High-load tasks, refers to tasks with high perceptual loads, and use more of a person’s ___________ ___________.

Answer 8

Processing Capacity

Question 9

What theory of attention proposes that the ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on the load of the task the person is carrying out? Meaning that high-load tasks result in less distraction?

Answer 9

Load Theory of Attention (Forster and Lavie, 2008)

Question 10

What Effect refers to the difficulty people have responding to one aspect of a stimulus, such as the colour of ink that a word is printed in, and ignore another aspect, such as the colour that the word names?

Answer 10

The Stroop Effect (Stroop, 1935)

Question 11

Attention can be influenced by Stimulus ___________, with bottom-up factors determining the attention to elements of a scene, such as colour, contrast, and orientation.

Answer 11

Salience

Question 12

When scanning a picture, a person will fixate on high salient areas, such as colour, contrast, and orientation, and then after a few fixations, they will scan for areas that appeal to their goals and expectations dependent on their _____ ______________ in observing the environment.

Answer 12

Past Experiences

Question 13

“Everyone knows was attention is. It is the taking possession by the mind, in a clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or train of thought. Focalisation, concentration, of consciousness are of its essence.” Who said this?

Answer 13

William James

Question 14

Greater demands are placed on attention by complex or _______ tasks.

Answer 14

Novel

Question 15

__________ show heightened abilities in: Multiple object tracking; visual short-term memory; task switching, and; mental rotation.

Answer 15

Experts

Question 16

The brain favours efficiency over __________?

Answer 16

Accuracy

Question 17

Accidents happen due to a mismatch between human capabilities and demands of using _________________

Answer 17

Technologies

Question 18

The cocktail part effect is an example of Conscious ____________ Attention.

Answer 18

Selective

Question 19

Cherry (1953) conducted a study on dichotic _____________.

Answer 19

Listening

Question 20

Who theorised that dichotic listening may result from an early, hard filter or bottleneck for attentional allocation?

Answer 20

Broadbent; in his Sensory Filter Theory

Question 21

The Broadbent Theory can/cannot be applied in all circumstances?

Answer 21

Cannot

Question 22

Deutsch and Deutsch developed the ______ ____________ Theory, which included top-down brain processes, including relevance, and expectation.

Answer 22

Late Selection Theory

Question 23

The theories of attention begin to differ at what stage?

Answer 23

The Sensory Register

Question 24

What is the theoretical brain mechanism which holds information while we process it?

Answer 24

The Sensory Store

Question 25

In the short term store, the Iconic Memory stores visual information for a _____ ms. the Echoic Memory stores auditory information for a ___ seconds, and Haptic Memory stores information from __________ touch.

Answer 25

400ms; Few; Physical