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Brain & Behaviour > Week 4: Diencephalon & Brain stem > Flashcards

Week 4: Diencephalon & Brain stem Flashcards

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1
Q

The diencephalon occupies the …… part of the brain

A

Central

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2
Q

The diencephalon is nestled under in between the …… hemisphere and is located …… to the brainstem

A

Cerebral
Superiorly

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3
Q

Function of the diencephalon

A

Relays sensory information between brain regions & controls many autonomic functions of the PNS

Several structures of the diencephalon work together and with our body parts to affect the following bodily functions:
- Sensation impulses
- Autonomic regulation
- Endocrine function
- motor function
- Bodily homeostasis
- Taste
- Smell
- Vision
- Hearing
- Touch perception

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4
Q

The diencephalon is directly responsible for connecting the parts of ….. glands

A

Secretion glands

ie connecting the endocrine system with the nervous system

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5
Q

The diencephalon is also connected with the …… lobe. In particular it helps us manage ……

A

Limbic
Memories (and emotions)

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6
Q

What are the four elements of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus

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7
Q

The thalamus is a large egg shaped mass of …… matter

Its located deep in the ….. just above the ……

1 thalamus is present on each side of the …… ventricle

It resembles a ….. and is ….. centimetres long …… centimetres high and ….. centimetres wide

Part of the brain where ….. information from all over the body ……

Sensory information synapses with neurons in the thalamus send signals to the ……… for processing

It also helps the ….. cortex organised coordinated ….. movements

A
  1. Grey
  2. Forebrain & midbrain
  3. Third
  4. Walnut, 3cm long, 2.5cm high, 2cm wide
  5. Sensory & converges
  6. Cerebral cortex
  7. Motor & voluntary
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8
Q

Upper vs lower part of the thalamus

A

The upper part of the thalamus transfers info & processes info from majority of the sensory organs/receptors to the cerebrum

The bottom part contains centres that regulate things such as body temperature feelings of hunger, satiety and thirst

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9
Q

The hypothalamus is located in the ….. of the base of the brain and encapsulates the ventral portion of the ….. ventricle

The hypothalamus has a close link with the …… gland which is an area that controls all glands in the endocrine system

This is why we say that this particular part of the diencephalon is the …… between the CNS and the endocrine system

Some of the physiological processes that are regulated by the hypothalamus include things like ……

The hypothalamus is part of the …… system so it also influences various ….. responses . It does this through its connections with the pituitary gland skeletal muscular system and our autonomic nervous system

A
  1. Middle & third
  2. Pituitary
  3. Bridge
  4. Body temperature, fluid balance, electrolyte balance, cardiovascular system functioning and blood pressure
  5. Limbic & emotional
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10
Q

What three sections make up the brainstem?

*From superior to inferior

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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11
Q

The grey matter within the brain stem consists of …….

It forms many important brainstem ….. which are a collection of nerve cell bodies

A

Nerve cell bodies
Nuclei

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12
Q

….. of 12 cranial nerves arise from nuclei in the brain stem

A

10

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13
Q

The midbrain is the most ….. part of the brainstem

It is the smallest/biggest section of the brain stem and is situated just above the ….

It contains numerous ……. that have a key role in connecting the cerebellum & cerebrum as well as other brain areas

Its main function is …….

It includes the nuclei of the ….. cranial nerves

A
  1. Superior
  2. Smallest & pons
  3. Nerve tracks
  4. Visual auditory and movement & control
  5. 3rd, 4th & 5th
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14
Q

There are many important brain structures in the midbrain - two of these are the …..

Four others include the…..

A

Tectum & Tegmentum

Other than these two there are four other crucial midbrain structures including the substantia niagara, cranial nerves, the cerebral peduncle and cross cerebra (3 & 4 are not covered)

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15
Q

What makes up the tectum?

A

The four colliculi (2 superior & 2 inferior). These are four prominent rounded elevations.

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16
Q

Role of the superior colliculli vs inferior colliculli of the tectum?

A

The superior colliculi = visual reflex centres - helps us visually track moving objects/control reflexes in response to visual stimuli

The inferior colliculi are out auditory reflex centres and control reflex of responses to sound

17
Q

What is the tegmentum?

A

The tegmentum stretches down the length of the brainstem however a small portion of the tegmentum forms part of the midbrain

18
Q

What are the 3 distinct areas of the tegmentum? What are their roles?

A

Named after their specific colours the first is the iron rich red nucleus which is involved in the coordination of movements, next we have the substantial Niagara which contains dark pigmented dopamine neurons these are important for the regulation of movements. Finally we have the periaqueductal grey matter - this is a dense region of grey matter that is involved in suppressing pain

19
Q

What in the tegmentum is a dense region of grey matter responsible for suppressing pain?

A

Periaqueductal grey matter

20
Q

The tegmentum and midbrain also contain connections that play a role in keeping us alert? True or False

A

True

21
Q

The pons is one of the ….. parts of the brain at only ….. in length.

It is …. to the midbrain and ….. to the medulla

A

Smallest & 2.5cm
Inferior and superior

22
Q

What is the portion of the brainstem through which all info that travels throughout the nervous system must pass at some point

A

Pons

23
Q

In Latin pons = bridge - refers to the fact that the pons connects the cerebral cortex to the medulla by the cerebral peduncles. True or false.

A

True

24
Q

The pons is involved in many autonomic and sensory functions including….

A

Arousal, fine motor control, muscle tone, respiratory processes, equilibrium and the circadian cycle specifically regulating our sleep

25
Q

What are the four main nerve tracts that pass through the pons to control sensory autonomic involuntary functions of the body

A

These are the corticospinal tract, corticobulbar tract, the medial lemeniscus tract and the spinothalamic tract

26
Q

The medulla is an elongated section of ……. tissue that makes up a part of the brainstem that connects to the spinal cord

It is actually …….. with the spinal cord meaning there is not a clear delineation between the spinal cord and the medulla but rather the medulla gradually transitions into the spinal cord

The medulla is ….. in shape and measures …. centimetres in length and … centimetres at its widest point

A
  1. Neural
  2. Continuous
  3. Conical, 3cm & 2cm
27
Q

Responsibilities of the medulla?

A

The medulla is responsible for regulating many basic functions of the autonomic nervous system including respiration, cardiac function, vasodilation and many reflexes such as coughing, swallowing, sneezing and vomiting

28
Q

The cerebellum is the ….. part of the hindbrain and is located in the ….. ….. ….. behind the ….. ventricle …. & ….

A

Largest
Posterior cranial fossa
4th ventricle, pons & medulla

29
Q

…… …… (an extension of the dura matter) separates the cerebellum (occipital lobe) from the cerebrum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

30
Q

The cerebellum consists of two hemispheres joined by the …..

A

Vermis

31
Q

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum

A

The anterior lobe, the posterior lobe and the floccule nodular lobe

32
Q

The cerebellum is extremely neuron rich containing ….% of the brains neurons

A

80%

33
Q

Role of the cerebellum?

A

It plays a role in motor movement regulation and balance control

The cerebellum also coordinates gait and posture, controls muscle tone and involuntary muscle activity

Despite this the cerebellum is unable to initiate muscle contraction or initiate movement

Therefore with cerebellar damage you can still perform movements but you will lose the things such as the ability to control fine motor movements and maintain posture IE people will lose their balance

Brain & Behaviour (10 decks)

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