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Week 4 - Female GU Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 Main components of Breast tissue?

A
  • Stroma (fibrous and Fatty tissue)

- Glandular tissue (Lobes and Ducts)

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2
Q

What are 3 developmental abnormalities of the breast?

A

1) Ectopic breast tissue - usually along the milk line
2) Breast hypoplasia - itty bitty titty committee
3) Macromastia - Stromal overgrowth

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3
Q

Name 5 inflammatory conditions of the breast?

A

1) Acute mastitis
2) Granulomatous inflammation
3) Foreign body reaction
4) Duct ectasia
5) Fat necrosis

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4
Q

Briefly outline Acute mastitis

A
  • Infection and inflammation of the skin over the breast

- Associated with breast feeding

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5
Q

Briefly outline Granulomatous inflammation

A
  • Inflammation of the breast tissue that occurs in systemic disease
  • e.g. TB and Sarcoidosis
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6
Q

Briefly outline Foreign body reaction

A
  • Inflammation occurs around breast implant
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7
Q

Briefly outline Duct ectasia

A
  • Dilation of lactiferous ducts and periductal inflammation

- Calcification seen on mammogram

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8
Q

Briefly outline Fat necrosis

A
  • Usually follows trauma
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9
Q

Name the general characteristics of fibrocystic change

A
  • Multi focal and bilateral
  • Breast tenderness
  • Nodularity
  • Benign
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10
Q

Give 6 examples of fibrocystic changes

A

1) Sclerosing adenosis
2) Increased fibrous stroma
3) Apocrine metaplasia
4) Epithelial hyperplasia
5) Papillomas/ papillomatosis
6) Radial scars

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11
Q

How are fibrocystic changes classified?

A

1) Non-proliferative
2) Proliferative without atypia
3) Proliferative with atypia

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12
Q

Briefly outline Sclerosing adenosis

A
  • Benign proliferation of glandular tissue and stroma

- Micro-calcification on mammogram

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13
Q

Briefly outline Increased fibrous stroma

A
  • Proliferation of stroma
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14
Q

Briefly outline Apocrine metaplasia

A
  • Do not need to know its way to random
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15
Q

Briefly outline Epithelial hyperplasia

A

1) Ductal hyperplasia
2) Atypical ductal hyperplasia (calcification on mammo)
3) Atypical Lobular hyperplasia
4) Columnar cell lesions (calcification on mammo)

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16
Q

Briefly outline Papillomas/ papillomatosis

A
  • Benign tumour of the epithelial lining of ducts
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17
Q

Briefly outline Radial scars

A
  • Area of hardened tissue

- Can be confused for breast cancers on mammograms

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18
Q

Give 4 examples of benign neoplasms

A

1) Fibroadenoma
2) Phyllodes tumour
3) Pure adenoma
4) Hamartoma

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19
Q

Briefly outline Fibroadenoma

A
  • Overgrowth of epithelium and stroma
  • Firm, Non-tender, and mobile
  • Hormone sensitive
  • Commonest in teens to 30’s
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20
Q

Briefly outline Phyllodes tumour

A
  • Can be malignant or benign

requires surgical excision

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21
Q

Briefly outline Pure adenoma

A
  • Overgrowth of glandular tissue
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22
Q

Briefly outline Hamartoma

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Benign overgrowth of the regular tissue
23
Q

Name 6 risk factors for breast cancer

Study These Flashcards
A

1) Earlier menarche
2) Later menopause
3) HRT
4) Obesity
5) Family history
6) Genetics (BRCA1)

24
Q

Name 4 symptoms associated with breast cancers

Study These Flashcards
A

1) New lumps
2) Pain
3) Skin changes
4) Nipple changes

25
How do you diagnose breast cancers?
Triple assesment: 1) Clinical examination 2) Imaging (mammo/US) 3) Biopsy (core/FNA)
26
What are the treatment options for breast cancer?
1) Chemo therapy 2) Surgery 3) Radiotherapy 4) Hormone therapy
27
What are the main prognostic factors for breast cancers?
1) Grading | 2) Stage
28
what 3 histological properties are used to Grade breast cancers?
1) Nuclear polymorphism 2) Mitoses per mm(2) 3) Degree of gland formation by cancer cells
29
How do you stage breast cancers?
TNM: 1) Tumour - size of tumout 2) Nodes - No of involved lymph nodes 3) Metastases - has it spread
30
Other then stage and grade what else can be used to guide treatment of breast cancers?
classification based on gene expression: - ER/PR (oestrogen/progeterone) status - Her2 status
31
What can be used to manage ER/PR positive breast cancers?
1) ER antagonist -Tamoxifen | 2) Aromatase inhibitors - Letrazole
32
What are the potential side affects of Tamoxifen?
increased risk of endometrial cancers
33
What can be used to manage HER2 positive breast cancers?
Herceptin
34
Over expression of what gene results in a worse prognosis in breast cancers?
HER2
35
Name 2 pathologies of low grade dysplasia in the breast
1) Atypical ductal hyperplasia | 2 Atypical Lobular hyperplasia
36
What is the clinical relevance of low grade dysplasia in the breast?
Increases the risk of developing breast cancer
37
Name 2 non-invasive breast cancers
1) Ductal carcinoma in situ | 2) Lobular carcinoma in situ
38
What are the properties of carcinoma in situ?
- They are contained within the basement membrane | - No involvement of blood vessels or lymph vessels
39
What are the 2 major division of breast malignancy?
1) Invasive ductal carcinoma | 2) invasive lobular carcinoma
40
What cells make up the epithelium of the endocervix?
simple columnar cells
41
What cells make up the epithelium of the ectocervix?
non keratinised stratified squamous cells
42
What is Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)
- Replacement of normal squamous epthelium by neoplastic squamos cells - Does not pass the basement membrane
43
What is CIN 1?
Neoplastic cells present only in the basal 1/3rd
44
What is CIN 2?
Neoplastic cells present within the basal 2/3rd
45
What is CIN 3?
Neoplastic cells present through the width of the epithelium
46
What is the clinical relevance of CIN?
- Almost all invasive squamous carcinomas develop from pre-existing CIN - It is premalignant
47
What virus is associated with cervical carcinomas?
Human papilloma Virus (HPV)
48
which particular HPV types are strongly associated with CIN?
HPV 16 and 18
49
What pathology is associated with cervical adenomas?
Cervical Glandular Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CGIN)
50
What test is used to screen for cervical neoplasia or cancer?
Pap smear - samples taken from transformation zone
51
What is the age range for cervical screening?
- Smears taken every 3-5 yrs | - From 20-64
52
What is the follow up if you see mild, moderate or severe dyskaryosis on a pap smear?
COLPOSCOPY
53
How do you treat CIN 2 and 3?
Loop excision of the transformation zone (LETZ)

Medicine (4 decks)

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