Week 4: Professional, ethical and legal obligations in nursing: a critical appraisal

Question 1

Philosophical study of morality

Answer 1

ethics

Question 2

Standards or beliefs that a person holds concerning what is right and wrong

Answer 2

morals

Question 3

An ideal that has significant meaning or importance to an individual, group or society

Answer 3

values

Question 4

What are the three types of values we learned about?

Answer 4

Personal values
Professional nursing values
Organizational values

Question 5

name the value based on the description:
A - ideals upheld by the nursing profession
B - Ideals you hold near and dear to yourself
C - Ideals from your organization

Answer 5

A - Professional nursing values
B - personal values
C - organizational values

Question 6

Arise in situations in which our actions or those others are at odds with our beliefs

Answer 6

values conflict

Question 7

The process of becoming more conscious of and naming what one values or considers worthy

Answer 7

values clarification

Question 8

What is the purpose of value clarification?

Answer 8

increases our awareness of ourselves and assists us in making choices (especially good when faced with ethical dilemmas)

Question 9

Name the ethics type (normative vs. non-normative) based on the description
A - value-based judgements
B - value-neutral
C - Focuses on what is right and wrong and what should we do in different situations
D - Doesn’t take a position
E - Description and fact-based

Answer 9

A - normative
B - non-normative
C - normative
D - non-normative
E - non-normative

Question 10

Different naming conventions for normative ethics

Answer 10

guiding ethics

prescriptive

Question 11

Situations in which there are conflicts between one or more values and uncertainty about the correct course of action

Answer 11

ethical problems

Question 12

Arise when there are equally compelling reasons for and against two or more possible courses of action

Answer 12

Ethical dilemma

Question 13

Occurs when a nurse feels a lack of clarity or indecision, or is even unable to know what the moral problem is, while at the same time feeling uneasy or uncomfortable

Answer 13

ethical and moral uncertainty

Question 14

Cases where even if you had all the empirical evidence, you would still not know what to do

Answer 14

ethical/moral uncertainty

Question 15

the emotional and psychological pain that occurs when ‘one knows the right thing to do but institutional constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right course of action

Answer 15

moral distress

Question 16

Occurs in situations when you feel that you cannot fulfill your ethical obligations and commitments

Answer 16

moral distress

Question 17

Belief that there are no universal standards or right and wrong; something considered right in one society could be considered wrong in another

Answer 17

ethical relativism

Question 18

Belief that human beings share fundamental principles of right and wrong but that there is much diversity in how they are applied

Answer 18

ethical universalism

Question 19

Values as a means to an end

Answer 19

instrumental value

Question 20

Things that are not merely instrumental but have value in and of themselves

Answer 20

intrinsic value

Question 21

In instrumental value, the emphasis is on the _______; in intrinsic value, the emphasis is on the ______.

Answer 21

outcome

process

Question 22

Morality is about producing good consequences, outcomes or results, not having good intentions.

Answer 22

utilitarianism

Question 23

Utilitarianism:

- we should do whatever will bring the most _____ to the ______ people

Answer 23

benefit, most

Question 24

Utilitarianism is morally demanding for two reasons, what are they?

Answer 24

1 - asks us to do the most, to maximize utility, not the minimum
2 - asks us to set aside personal interests

Question 25

Looks at the good and bad consequences of each individual act and calculates utility each time the act is performed

Answer 25

Act utilitarianism

Question 26

Looks at the consequences of having everyone follow a particular rule and calculates the overall utility of accepting or rejecting the rule

Answer 26

rule utiliarianism

Question 27

What are the arguments against act utilitarians (by rule utilitarians)?

Answer 27

Takes too long | not consistent or fair - can justify disobeying important moral rules/violating individual rights

Question 28

what are the arguments against rule utilitarians (by act utilitarians)?

Answer 28

Rule worship - basically goes against maximizing utility | Act utilitarians can still use rules of thumb for pressing situations

Question 29

What are the criticisms of utilitarianism?

Answer 29

1 - Impractical - too many opinions 2 - How to measure utility - no consensus 3 - Justice - not just - what happens to the rest of the world

Question 30

Duty based ethics; What matters is the kind of action it is according to moral rules or principles, rather than the action's consequences

Answer 30

Deontological theory

Question 31

Most influential deontologist

Answer 31

Immanuel Kant

Question 32

Unconditional obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose

Answer 32

categorical imperative

Question 33

A central idea in many deontological theories is the idea of ______.

Answer 33

autonomy

Question 34

Anyone who acts to give voice to different female perspectives, attempts to balance or integrate male and female thinking, or who promotes feminine over masculine views.

Answer 34

Feminist

Question 35

Common thread of feminism?

Answer 35

Changing the distribution and use of power | Stopping the oppression of women

Question 36

Feminist ethics: - centers around the fact that scientific thinking and philosophy have been largely ____-dominant - historically rare for women to be ______ or influence _____ and ______ thought - reject _______ assumptions about autonomy (i.e. women have limited autonomy) - argue that humans are fundamentally ________ (rather than rational) - concerned with women's issues (e.g. abortion, surrogacy, etc.)

Answer 36

male educated, social, political liberal relational

Question 37

Suggests that women and men make ethical choices based on a different set of values, perceptions and concerns

Answer 37

feminine ethics

Question 38

Feminine ethics: - greater interest in ______, ______ and desires - _____ and ______ are seen as key indicators of right action - when faced with a moral issue, women tend to use _______ form of reasoning and tend to seek out solutions where the needs of ____ parties are met

Answer 38

values, feelings emotion, intuition empathetic, all

Question 39

Asserts that men and women make ethical decisions differently

Answer 39

justice vs care

Question 40

Concerns for fairness, rights and rules

Answer 40

ethics of justice

Question 41

focus is on understanding responsibilities and relationships, empathy and caring

Answer 41

ethics of care

Question 42

CNA code of ethics: | - outlines _ core nursing values

Answer 42

7

Question 43

CNA code of ethics 1. Providing ____, compassionate, competent and ______ care 2. Promoting ____ and ____-_____ 3. Promoting and respecting _______ _______ _______ 4. Honouring ______ (includes boundaries) 5. Maintaining ______ and _________ 6. Promoting _____ 7. Being __________

Answer 43

``` safe, ethical health, well-being informed decision making dignity privacy and confidentiality justice accountable ```

Question 44

When providing care, nurses do not discriminate on the basis of race, ethinicty, culture, political and spirituals beliefs, social or marital status, etc.

Answer 44

Promoting justice

Question 45

Includes the right to the information necessary to make choices and to consent to or refuse care

Answer 45

client choice/self-determination

Question 46

What are some limits to choice?

Answer 46

Incompetence/incapacity endangering self or others laws policies

Question 47

human life is precious and needs to be respected, protected and treated with consideration

Answer 47

respect for life

Question 48

limited access to a person, the person’s body, conversations, bodily functions or objects immediately associated with the person

Answer 48

privacy

Question 49

involves keeping personal information private

Answer 49

confidentiality

Question 50

Refers to allocating limited health care resources on the basis of objective health factors

Answer 50

fairness

Question 51

How does one work through ethical situations?

Answer 51

Assess plan implement Evaluate

Question 52

Name the step based on the description: o Take stock of all aspects; knowledge of family, values of patient, HCPS, etc. o Consider all codes of ethics o Discuss with everyone involved

Answer 52

plan

Question 53

Name the step based on the description: provide support and information as needed to all involved in the situation

Answer 53

implement

Question 54

Name the step based on the description: consequences, outcomes

Answer 54

evaluate