WEEK 4.1 Flashcards
1
Q
Group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities
A
Tissue
2
Q
Science that deals with the study of tissues
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Histology
3
Q
Physician who examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses
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Pathologist
4
Q
Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; forms glands
A
Epithelial Tissue
5
Q
Protects and supports the body and its organs.
A
Connective tissue
6
Q
Composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force
A
Muscular tissue
7
Q
Detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials
A
Nervous tissue
8
Q
The removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination
A
Biopsy
9
Q
Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells
A
Cell junctions
10
Q
Consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells
A
Tight Junctions
11
Q
Contain plaque; a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
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Adherens junctions
12
Q
Transmembrane glycoproteins join the cells. Inserts into the plaque from the opposite side of the plasma membrane, partially crosses the intercellular space, and connects to others like it on an adjacent cell
A
Cadherins
13
Q
Encircles the cell similar to the way a belt encircles your waist
A
Adhesion belts
14
Q
contains plaque and transmembrane glycoproteins; unlike the adherens junction, the plaque of this does not attach to microfilaments
A
Desmosomes
15
Q
Resembles desmosomes but do not link adjacent cells
A
Hemidesmosomes
16
Q
Transmembrane glycoproteins of the hemidesmosomes
A
Integrins
17
Q
At this junction, membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexions that connect neighboring cells
A
Gap Junction
18
Q
This surface of the epithelial cell faces the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen of an internal organ, or a tubular duct that receives cell secretions
A
Apical(free) surface
19
Q
Face the adjacent cells on either side, may contain tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and/or gap junctions
A
Lateral surface
20
Q
The opposite of the apical surface; the deepest layer of epithelial cells
A
Basal surface
21
Q
Thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of two layers, the basal lamina and reticular lamina
A
Basement membrane
22
Q
Closer to and secreted by the epithelial cells. Contains proteins such as laminin and collagen, as well as glycoproteins and proteoglycans
A
Basal lamina
23
Q
Closer to the underlying connective tissue and contains proteins such as collagen produced by connective tissue cells called fibroblasts
A
Reticular lamina
24
Q
Without vessels. relying on the blood vessels of the adjacent connective tissue to bring nutrients and remove waste
A
Avascular
25
Tiny fluid-filled tunnels that connect neighboring cells
Connexons
26
Forms connexons
Connexins
27
Forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs. Also from inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, and the interior or many body systems
Surface epithelium/Covering and lining epithelium
28
Makes up the secreting portion of glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal, etc
Glandular epithelium
29
A single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption
Simple epithelium
30
Production and release of substances such as mucus, sweat, or enzymes
Secretion
31
The intake of fluids or other substances such as digested food from the intestinal tract
Absorption
32
Appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface
Pseudostratified epithelium
33
Consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear
Stratified epithelium
34
Thin cell shape which allows for the rapid passage of substances through them
Squamous cells
35
As tall as they are wide and are shaped like cubes or hexagons; may have microvilli at their apical surface and function in either secretion and absorption
Cuboidal cells
36
Much taller than they are wide and protect underlying tissues. their apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli, and they often are specialized for secretion and absorption
Columnar cells
37
Change shape, from squamous to cuboidal and back, as organs such as the urinary bladders stretch to a larger size and then collapse to a smaller size
Transitional cells
38
Type of simple squamous epithelium which lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
Endothelium
39
Type of simple squamous epithelium which forms epithelial layer of serous membranes
Mesothelium
40
Types of simple epithelium
Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar epithelium
41
Types of stratified epithelium
Stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, transitional epithelium or urothelium
42
Single layer of flat cells that resembles a tiled floor when viewed from apical surface
Simple squamous epithelium
43
Single layer of cube-shaped cells
simple cuboidal epithelium
44
Single layer of nonciliated columnlike cells with oval nuclei near base of cells
Nonciliated simple columnar epith
45
fingerlike cytoplasmic projections, increase surface area of plasma membrane
Microvilli
46
modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus at their apical surfaces
Goblet cells
47
Single layer of ciliated columnlike cells with oval nuclei near base of cells
Ciliated simple columnar epi
48
Appears to have several layers because the nuclei of the cells are at various levels. Contains cells without cilia and also lacks goblet cells
Nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epi
49
appears to have several layers because cell nuclei are at various levels. Contains cells that extend to surface and secrete mucus or bear cilia
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
50
has two or more layers of cells; cells in apical layer and several layers deep to it are squamous
Stratified squamous epi
51
tough, fibrous intracellular protein that helps protect skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals
Keratin
52
two or more layers of cells; cells in apical layer are cube-shaped
Stratified cuboidal epi
53
Basal layers usually consist of shortened, irregularly shaped cells; only apical layer has columnar cells
Stratified columnar epi
54
Has a variable appearance. In relaxed or unstretched state, looks like stratified cuboidal epithelium, except apical layer cells tend to be large and rounded. As tissue is stretched, cells become flatter, giving the appearance of stratified squamous epithelium
Transitional epithelium(urothelium)
55
Also called a Pap test or Pap smear; involves collection and microscopic examination of epithelial cells that have been scraped off the apical layer of a tissue
Papanicolaou test
56
consists of epithelium that secretes substances into ducts, onto a surface, or eventually into the blood in the absence of ducts
Gland
57
The secretions of this type of gland enter the interstitial fluid and then diffuse into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct.
Endocrine glands
58
This type of gland secretes its products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering and lining epithelium such as the skin surface or the lumen of a hollow organ
Exocrine gland
59
This type of exocrine gland are single-celled glands
Unicellular glands
60
Most exocrine glands are this type. Composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ
Multicellular gland
61
Type of gland where the duct of the gland does not branch
Simple gland
62
Type of gland where the duct branches
Compound gland
63
Type of gland with tubular secretory parts
Tubular glands
64
Type of simple gland with a tubular secretory part that is straight and attaches to a single unbranched duct
Simple tubular
65
Type of simple gland with a tubular secretory part that is branched and attaches to a single unbranched duct
Simple branched tubular
66
Type of simple gland with a tubular secretory part that is coiled and attaches to a single unbranched duct
Simple coiled tubular
67
Type of simple gland with a secretory portion that is rounded; attaches to single unbranched duct
Simple acinar
68
Type of simple gland with a rounded secretory part that is branched and attaches to a single unbranched duct
Simple branched acinar
69
Type of compound gland with a secretory portion that is tubular and attaches to a branched duct
Compound tubular
70
Type of compound gland with a secretory portion that is rounded and attaches to a branched duct
Compound acinar
71
Type of compound gland that resembles both tubular and acinar
Compound tubuloacinar
72
The secretions of this type of gland are synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER; processed, sorted, and packaged by the Golgi complex
Merocrine glands
73
Accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell
Apocrine glands
74
The cells of this type of gland accumulate a secretory product in their cytosol
Holocrine glands
75
Material located between widely spaced cells. Consists of protein fibers and ground substance
Extracellular matrix
76
Fat cells, connective tissue cells that store triglycerides(fats). Found deep in the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys
Adipocytes
77
Found in many places in the body, but most reside in connective tissue
Plasma cells
78
Involved in the inflammatory response, the body's reaction to injury or infection and can also bind to, ingest, and kill bacteria
Mast cells
79
Not found in significant numbers in normal connective tissues. However, in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissue
Leukocytes
80
Phagocytes that develop from monocytes. A type of white blood cell.
Macrophages
81
Macrophages that reside in a particular tissue
Fixed macrophages
82
Macrophages that have the ability to move throughout the tissue and gather at sites of infection or inflammation to carry on phagocytosis
Wandering macrophages
83
large, flat cells with branching processes. They are present in all the general connective tissues
Fibroblasts
84
The collective term for polysaccharides
Glycosaminoglycans
85
Except for hyaluronic acid, the glycosaminoglycans are associated with proteins called
Proteoglycans
86
Viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs
Hyaluronic acid
87
Provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels
Chondroitin sulfate
88
# Fun fact
The skin, tendons, blood vessels, and heart valves contain dermatan sulfate
That is the truth
89
Bone cartilage, and the cornea of the eye contain what sulfate
Keratan sulfate
90
Present in the ground substance; responsible for linking components of the ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of cells
Adhesion proteins
91
The main adhesion protein of connective tissues; binds to both collagen fibers and ground substance, linking them together
Fibronectin
92
Very strong and resist pulling or stretching, but are not stiff, which allow tissue flexibility
Collagen fibers
93
A stretched or torn ligament caused by stress beyond the ligament's normal capacity
Sprain
94
Smaller in diameter than collagen fibers, branch and join together to form a fibrous network within a connective tissue.
Elastic fibers
95
Consisting of collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein, provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a network around the cells in some tissues
Reticular fibers
96
Refers to connective tissue present in an embryo or fetus
Embryonic connective tish
97
Refers to connective tissue that is present at birth and persists throughout life
Mature connective tissue
98
A category of mature connective tissue which is flexible and contains a viscous ground substance with abundant fibers
Connective tissue proper
99
A category of mature connective tissue which protects and supports soft tissues of the body
Supporting connective tissue
100
A category of mature connective tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix
Liquid connective tissue
101
Type of embryonic connective tissue that is almost exclusively under skin and along developing bones of embryo; some in adult connective tissue, especially along blood vessels
Mesenchyme
102
Type of embryonic connective tissue that has widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in viscous, jellylike ground substance that contains fine collagen fibers
Mucous(mucoid) connective tissue
103
Type of loose connective tissue that is one of the most widely distributed connective tissues; consists of fibers arranged randomly and several kinds of cells embedded in semifluid ground substance
Areolar connective tish
104
Type of loose connective tissue that has cells derived from fibroblasts that are specialized for storage of triglycerides as a large, centrally located droplet.
Adipose tissue
105
Surgical procedure that involves suctioning out small amounts of adipose tissue from various areas of the body.
Liposuction
106
Type of loose connective tissue that is a fine interlacing network of reticular fibers and reticular cells
Reticular connective tissue
107
Type of connective tissue proper where the fibers are loosely arranged between cells
Loose connective tissue
108
Type of connective tissue proper that contains more fibers, which are thicker and more densely packed
Dense connective tissue
109
Type of supporting connective tissue that consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate, a gel-like component of the ground substance
Cartilage
110
Type of dense connective tissue that forms a shiny white extracellular matrix; mainly collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles with fibroblasts in rows between them
Dense regular connective tissue
111
Type of dense connective tissue that is made up of collagen fibers; usually irregularly arranged with a few fibroblasts
Dense irregular connective tissue
112
Type of dense connective tissue that contains predominantly elastic fibers with fibroblasts between them
Elastic connective tissue
113
The cells of mature cartilage
Chondrocytes
114
part of osteon; spaces where chondrocytes occur singly or in groups
Lacunae
115
Covering of dense irregular connective tissue
Perichondrium
116
Growth from within the tissue
Interstitial growth
117
Growth at the outer surface of the tissue
Appositional growth
118
Type of cartilage that contains a resilient gel as ground substance and appears in the body as a bluish-white, shiny substance
Hyaline cartilage
119
Type of cartilage that has chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers within extracellular matrix; lacks perichondrium
Fibrocartilage
120
Type of cartilage which has chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibers within extracellular matrix; perchondrium present
Elastic cartilage
121
The basic unit of compact bone
Osteon/haversian system
122
part of osteon; Concentric rings of extracellular matrix that consist of mineral salts and collagen fibers; responsible for the compact nature of this type of bone tissue
Lamellae
123
Part of osteon;networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes
Canaliculi
124
Part of an osteon which contains blood vessels and nerves
Central canal
125
Bone that lacks osteons. Consists of columns of bone called trabeculae.
Spongy bone
126
One of the liquid connective tissues that has a liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma and formed elements
Blood tissue
127
Consists of osteons; functions as a support, protection, storage; houses blood-forming tissue; serves as levers that act with muscle tissue to enable movement
Compact bone tissue
128
Extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels
Lymph
129
The majority of membranes consist of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer and are called:::
Epithelial membranes
130
Lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior
Mucous membrane
131
The connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane is areolar connective tissue and is called the
Lamina propria
132
Lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior
Serous membrane/serosa
133
The layer attached to and lining the cavity wall
Parietal layer
134
The layer that covers and adheres to the organs within the cavity
Visceral layer
135
A watery lubricant that allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against the walls of cavities
Serous fluid
136
Covers the entire surface of the body and consists of a superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion called the dermis
Cutaneous membrane/skin
137
Line the cavities of freely movable joints
Synovial membranes
138
Synovial membranes are composed of a discontinuous layer of cells called
Synoviocytes
139
Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages that remove microbes and debris from the join cavity
Synovial fluid
140
Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes that can use ATP to generate force
Muscular tissue
141
Type of muscular tissue that consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibers.
Skeletal muscle tissue
142
Type of muscle tissue that consists of branched, striated fibers with usually only one centrally located nucleus
Cardiac muscle tissue
143
Type of muscular tissue that consists of nonstriated fibers.
Smooth muscle tissue
144
Consists of only two principal types of cells: neurons and neuroglia
Nervous tissue
145
sensitive to various stimuli. Convert stimuli into electrical signals called nerve action potentials
Neurons
146
Tapering, highly branched, and usually short cell processes
Dendrites
147
do not generate or conduct nerve impulses; have many important supportive functions
Neuroglia
148
The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials
Electrical excitability
149
Cells that exhibit electrical excitability
Excitable cells
150
cells that constitute the functioning part of the tissue or organ
Parenchyma
151
new cells originate by cell division from this supporting connective tissue
Stroma
152
Immature and undifferentiated cells
Stem cells
153
A process in which the fibroblasts synthesize collagen and other extracellular matrix materials that aggregate to form scar tissue
Fibrosis
154
Actively growing connective tissue
Granulation tissue
155
A complication of surgery. The partial or complete separation of the other layers of a sutured incision
Wound dehiscence
156
abnormal joining of tissues
Adhesions
157
Diseases in which antibodies produced by the immune system fail to distinguish what is foreign from what is self and attack the body's own tissues
Auto-immune diseases
158
A chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue occurring mostly in nonwhite women during their childbearing years
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
159
A decrease in the size of cells, with a subsequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ
Atrophy
160
Increase in the size of a tissue because its cells enlarge without undergoing cell division
Hypertrophy
161
The replacement of a diseased or injured tissue or organ
Tissue transplantation
162
The replacement of a diseased or injured tissue or organ with cells or tissues from an animal
Xenotransplantation
