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BIO102 > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Genome

A

Full genetic information

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2
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of DNA and protein that make up chromosomes

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3
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Two, joined copies of duplicated chromosome

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4
Q

What links sister chromosomes

A

Attached across full length initially by cohesions. Attached most closely at centromeres.

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5
Q

What happens in G1

A

Cell growth

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6
Q

What happens in S phase

A

DNA synthesis replication

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7
Q

What happens in G2

A

Chromosomes not condensed, two centrosomes formed. More cell growth and duplication of organelles.

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8
Q

What happens in prophase

A

Chromosomes condense.
Nucleolus disappears.
Mitotic spindle and asters begin to form.
Centrosomes begin movement to opposite ends of cell.

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9
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Microtubule fibres and associated proteins

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10
Q

What is the role of a centrosomes.

A

Spindle microtubules start at centrosomes.
Each centrosomes contains a pair of centrioles.

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11
Q

Asters

A

Short microtubules extending from centrosomes.

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12
Q

Prometaphase

A

Chromosomes condense further.
Nuclear envelope fragments.
Kinetochore formed on each centromere.

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13
Q

Kinetochore microtubules

A

Attach to each Kinetochore. Sister chromatids interact with Kinetochore microtubules from opposite poles.

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14
Q

Non Kinetochore microtubules

A

Interact with those from opposite poles

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15
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate.
Centrosomes are at opposite poles.
Asters contact plasma membrane.

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16
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids move to opposite ends of cell.
Cell elongates from non kinetochore microtubules lengthen and walk away from each other by moter proteins.

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17
Q

How to chromosomes move to opposite poles

A
  1. Mother proteins walk them along microtubules
  2. Moter proteins reel in microtubules
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18
Q

How are sister chromatids separated

A

Cohesion proteins cleaved by separase

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19
Q

Telophase

A

2 nuclei form in cell.
Nucleoli reappear.

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20
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm is divided to produce 2 daughter cells.

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21
Q

Cytokinesis in animal cells.

A

Cleavage.
Pinching of plasma membrane
Mediated by contractile ring of actin filaments associating with myosin.

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22
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells

A

Vesicles line up on metaphase plate, contain cell walk materials and form a new cell wall.

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23
Q

How do prokaryotes divide.

A

Binary fission.
Cell enlargement occurs concurrently with dna replication and portioning of newly replicated chromosomes between cell poles.
Cytokinesis occurs through pinching of cell membrane.

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24
Q

What is a checkpoint

A

Progression is stopped by stop signals until overridden by go~ahead signals.

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25
G1 checkpoint
Should division occur
26
G0
Non dividing stage (sometimes reversible), left cell cycle
27
G2 checkpoint
Checks DNA integrity
28
M checkpoint
Checks all sister chromatids are attached to Kinetochore microtubules
29
Cyclin dependent protein kinases Cdks
Protein kinases only active when bound to an appropriate cyclin molecule
30
Cyclin
A molecule whose concentration fluctuates throughout the cell cycle
31
Maturation promoting factor (MPF)
A Cyclin complex involved in the G2 checkpoint
32
Growth factors
Proteins released by certain cells to stimulate others to divide
33
Density dependent inhibition
Crowded cells stop dividing due to binding of cell-surface proteins of adjacent cells
34
Anchorage dependence
Division in most animal cells require they be attached to a solid surface
35
Transformation
Conversion of normal animal cell into cancer cell
36
Begnin tumour
Cancer cells with too few mutations to survive at another bodily sight
37
Malignant tumour
Cells capable of spreading to new tissues
38
HeLa cells
Came from Henrietta lacks
39
Heredity
Transmission of traits from one generation to the next
40
Variation
Differences between members of a species
41
Genetics
The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation
42
Gene
Stretch of dna encoding a specific rna or protein
43
Locus loci
Specific location of a gene on a chromosome
44
Asexual reproduction
Single parent produces clones through mitosis
45
Sexual reproduction
Two parents produce offspring with unique combinations of genes from two parents. Involves meiosis and fertilization.
46
Somatic cells
Normal cells, diploid
47
Gametes
Reproductive cells, haploid, egg and sperm
48
Homologous chromosomes
Carry same genes at same loci, but may carry different alleles.
49
Karyotype
Display of chromosomes pairs in cell arranged by size and shape
50
How many chromosomes in humans
22 pairs of autosomes, one pair of sex chromosomes, X and Y pair
51
Imagine you are studying a species whose gametes contain 12 chromosomes. How many DNA molecules would be found in somatic cells of this species during prometaphase of mitosis?
48
52
Fertilization
Union of gametes (n) and fusion of nuclei to produce a zygote (2n)
53
Alternation of generations
Meiosis produces haploid spores that undergo mitosis to produce multicellular haploid Gametes are produced by metosis in multicellular haploid organism Fertilization produces zygote that undergoes mitosis to produce multicellular diploid
54
Most fungi and some protists sexual life cycle
Fertilization produces zygote, undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells Haploid cells undergo mitosis to produce unicellular descendants or multicellular haploid Gametes produced from haploid cells by mitosis.
55
In humans do exzygotes receive more DNA from the sperm or egg gamete? What about xy zygotes?
Xx_ egg, mitochondrial dnaall from egg xy _ egg mitochondrial DNA all from egg and the x chromosome is larger than the y chromosome
56
How many cells are produced in meiosis
4 haploid cells.
57
Meiosis I goal
Separate homologous chromosomes produces 2 haploid cells
58
Prophasel
Chromosomes condense, spindle forms, nuclear envelope breaks down, homologous chromosomes loosely associate with loci aligned (tetrad) Non-sister chromatids break at corresponding points and homologues held together by synaptonemal complex in a process called synopsis Broken non-sister chromatids are co infected and exchange DNA through crossing over Synaptonemal complex disassociates resulting in chasm (chiasmata) Spindle microtubules connect to sinetochores
59
Metaphase 1
Homologues at metaphase plate Each attached to spindle microtubules from opposite poles
60
Anaphase 1
Cohesions breakdown along chromosome arms homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles
61
Telophase 1
Produce 2 haploid cells each chromosome still consists of 2 sister chromatid
62
Meiosis 2
Equivalent to mitosis Sister chromatid are not identical
63
Independent assortment
Alignment of each pair of homologues is independent of other pairs
64
Random fertilization
Any egg and sperm can fuse
65
Crossing over
Produces recombinant chromosomes with unique set of alleles.

BIO102 (1 decks)

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