Week 5

Question 1

immunological reactions

Answer 1

• antigens (Ags) in donor cell or plasma react with recipient antibodies (Ab)
• Abs or lymphocytes in donor plasma react with Ag or cell in recipient

Question 2

reactions to incompatible red cells

Answer 2

• Abs to red cells are most important in blood transfusion

-large volume transfused

-naturally occuring antibodies

-immune antibodies, evoked by transfusion or pregnancy

Question 3

Haemolytic transfusion reactions

Answer 3

• A haemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) is the occurance of lysis or rapid removal of red cells in recipient
• acute (immediate) HTRs occur during or within 24 hours of transfusion

Question 4

Acute (immediate) HTR

Answer 4

• administration of ABO incompatible blood
• symptoms include :

-fever

-pain at infusion site

-chest and lumbar pain

• physical signs include : hypotension , haemoglobinuria, bleeding and renal failure

Question 5

delayed HTRs

Answer 5

• secondary immune responses following re-exposure toa given RBC ag
• clinical features :

-fever, fall in Hb, jaundice and haemoglobinuria

-hypotension and renal failure and uncommon

Question 6

febrile non -haemolytic reactions

Answer 6

• transfusion of blood components (RBC or plts) containing incompatible WBCs may provoke severe febrile reactions
• clinical presentations

Question 7

non - immunoligcal reactions

Answer 7

-transfusion - associated circulatory overload
- transfusion - transmitted infections
- bacterial contamination
- variant Creutzfeldt jakob disease

Question 8

transfusion - transmitted infections

Answer 8

• transmissibility of infectious agents

-asymptomatic infection

-present in blood stream

-transmitted parenterally

-able to survive during storage

• viruses - hepatitis , HIV , HTLV, herpes , CMV, EBV
• bacteria - syphilis, pseudomonas, staphylococcus
• protozoa - malaria

Question 9

SHOT

Serious

Hazard

Of

Transfusion

Answer 9

• improving safety of transfusion process
• informing policy within transfusion services
• improving standards of hospital transfusion practise

Question 10

transfusion reactions

Answer 10

immunological reactions
- antigens (Ags) in donor cells or plasma react with recipients antibodies (Abs)

-Abs or lymphocytes in donors plasma react with ags or cells in recipient

Question 11

reactions to incompatible red cells

Answer 11

• abs to red cells are most important in blood transfusion

-large volume transfused

-naturally occurring antibodies

-immune antibodies

Question 12

haemolytic transfusion reaction

Answer 12

• haemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) is occurrence of lysis or rapid removal of red cells in recipient
• acute HTR occurs during or within 24 h of transfusion
• delayed HTRs occur 5-10 days following transfusion

Question 13

acute immediate ) HTRs

Answer 13

• administration of ABO incompatible blood
• symptoms include

-fever, pain at infusion site, chest and lumbar pain

• physical signs include

-hypotension, haemoglobinuria, bleeding and renal failure

Question 14

delayed HTRs

Answer 14

• secondary immune responses following rexposure to given RBC ag.
• clinical features

-fever, fall in Hb ; jaundice and haemoglobinuria

-hypotension and renal failure are uncommon

Question 15

febrile non-haemolytic reactions

Answer 15

• transfusion of blood (rbc or plts) containing incompatible WBCs
• clinical presentation

Question 16

non - immunological reactions

Answer 16

• Transfusion associated circulatory overlaod (TACO)
• transfusion - transmitted infections
• bacterial contamination
• variant creutzdeldt- jakob disease

Question 17

transfusion transmitted infections

Answer 17

• transmissibility of infectious agents

-asymptomatic infection

-present in blood stream

-transmitted parenterally

-able to surivive during storage

• viruses - hepatitis, HIV,HTLV, Herpes, human CMV, EBV
• bacteria - syphillis,pseudomonas, staphylococcus
• protozoa - malaria

Question 18

bacterial contamiation

Answer 18

• higher incidence after plt tansfusions
• sources of contamination

-donor bacteraemia, skin contamination if donor arm, contamination of pack and or content

Question 19

repoting adverse events and reactions

Answer 19

• haemovigilance is the systemic survillance of adverse reactions and events relating to blood transfusions
• SHOT - SERIOUS HAZARDS OF TRANSFUSION

-improving safety of transfusion process

-informing policy within transfusion services

-improving standards of hospital transfusion practice

-aiding production of clinical guidelines for use of blood components